Calculation for Calorimetry

CALCULATIONS Determining the amount Limiting Reagent used. nlimiting reagent = Molarity x Volume or Mass / Molar Mass Example: Limiting reagent is 5mL of 1. 0 M HCl nlimiting reagent = Molarity x Volume nlimiting reagent = (1. 0 [mol/L]) x 0. 005 [L]) = 0. 005 mol Determining the qrxn and qcal. qrxn + qcal = 0 -qrxn = qcal qrxn = ? Hrxn x nlimiting reagent qcal = Ccal ? T qrxn = – Ccal ? T + mcsolid ? T (note: only if there is a precipitate formed in the reaction) Examples: 1) Calibration of the calorimeter given that: ?Hrxn = -55. 8 kJ/mol and nLR = 0. 005 mol qrxn = ? Hrxn x nlimiting reagent qrxn = -55. 8 [kJ/mol] x 0. 005 [mol] = -279 J qcal = -(219 J) = 279 J (2) Determining the qrxn of a given chemical reaction: NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) ? NH4+ (aq) And given that: ? T = 3. 5 Â °C and Ccal=111. 6 J/Â °C qrxn = – Ccal ? T + mcsolid ? T qrxn = -( 111. 6 [kJ/Â °C] x 3. 5 [Â °C]) = -390. 6 J qcal = -(-390. 6 J) = 390. 6 Determining the Ccal. Ccal = qcal / ? T Example:Giv en qrxn = -279 J and ? T = 2. 5 Â °C Ccal = -qrxn / ? T Ccal = -(-279 J) / (2. 5 Â °C) = 111. 6 J/Â °C Determining the experimental ? Hrxn. ?Hrxn = qrxn / nLR Example: Given: NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) ? NH4+ (aq) With qrxn = -390. 6 J and nLR = 0. 005 mol ?Hrxn = qrxn / nLR ?Hrxn = -390. 6 J / 0. 005 mol = -78. 1 kJ/mol Determining the theoretical ? Hrxn. ?Hrxn = ? nproductHÂ °f product – ? nreactantHÂ °f reactant Example: Given that: NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) ? NH4+ (aq) Substance? HÂ °f (kJ/mol) NH3 (aq)-80. 9 H+ (aq)0. 00 NH4+ (aq)-132. 51 ?Hrxn = ? nproductHÂ °f product – ? nreactantHÂ °f reactant ? Hrxn = {-132. 51 kJ/mol}-{-80. 29 kJ/mol} = ?Hrxn = -52. 2 kJ/mol Determining the %error. %error = (|? Hexperimental – ? Htheoretical|) / (? Htheoretical) x 100% Example: Given: ? Hexperimental = -78. 1 kJ/mol and ? Htheoretical = -52. 2 kJ/mol %error = |(? Hexperimental – ? Htheoretical) / (? Htheoretical) | x 100% %error = |(-78. 1 kJ/mol) – (-52. 2 kJ/ mol) / -52. 2 kJ/mol| x 100% = 49. 6 %

What Is Responsibility of Accounting

According to allbusiness. com, responsibility accounting is defined as a â€Å"collection, summarization, and reporting of financial information about various decision centers (responsibility centers) throughout an organization† (allbusiness. com). The article also explains that responsibility accounting helps an organization trace costs, revenues and profits to the individual managers who are responsible for decision making. Responsibility accounting also measures performance of each manager in regards to how he or she manages these costs, revenues, and profits. I am not sure if my company uses responsibility accounting; however, I will assume the company does due to its many departments. Our company has a research department that I would assume is a cost center. The company also has a cost center for each region to keep track of all costs related to the spending of office materials, travel expenses, and administrative costs. The profit centers within our company is our sales departments and brand team departments. Each brand team deals with different categories of medications. Examples of the different brand team departments are, cardiovascular brand team, the respiratory brand team, the oncology brand team, and the CNS brand team. The different brand teams have different managers who are responsible for the budgets, calculating ROI and implementing appropriate costing systems. As mentioned in an article in MAAW online, the advantages to responsibility accounting within the company I am employed by fit the reasons explained below. â€Å"Provides a way to manage an organization that would otherwise be unmanageable. † * â€Å"Assigning responsibility to lower level managers allows higher level managers to pursue other activities such as long term planning and policy making. † * â€Å"Provides a way to motivate lower level managers and workers. Managers and workers in an individualistic system tend to be motivated by measurements that emphasize their individual performances† (MAAW, 2010).

How Disability Has Changed Over Time Essay - 2183 Words

Despite the response to disability varying greatly between times, places and cultures (Barnes, 2012), there is no doubt that disability has an immeasurable impact on people’s lives. Disability affects an individual’s identity and their ability to work, socialise and be involved in society. In this essay I will discuss how approaches to disability have changed over time, specifically how approaches to disability have developed in recent centuries. I will start by discussing the medical model before moving on to its direct challenge in the social model. Finally I will discuss responses to the social model, in particular the biopsychosocial model. The dominant model of disability for the majority of the 20th century was the medical model. The medical model’s emphasis is on impairment; this is the cause of the disadvantage disabled individuals face and therefore the site of interventions (Crow, 1996). It is based in the biomedical and clinical. It views disability as a personal tragedy, an idea which is often implicit in work around disability based on the medical model. (Oliver, 1990). This is exemplified in the World Health Organisation definition of impairment, disability and handicap. Impairment is a physiological, psychological or anatomical abnormality, while disability is the abnormality in terms of activity and handicap is the inability to fill a normal role due to the impairment. (reference required-1) Notice the emphasis on normality and the specified cause of theShow MoreRelatedHistorical And Legal Issues Of Developmental Disabilities By James R. Thompson905 Words   |  4 Pages This chapter on â€Å"Historical and Legal Issues in Developmental Disabilities† by James R. Thompson and Michael L. Wehmeyer talked about how people perceived people with intellectual and developmental disabilities over the past few centuries. 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Three Important Moments No Child Left Behind Act The No Child Left behind Act allowed schools to determine the qualityRead MoreChildren With Developmental Disabilities During The 1960s Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pages During the 1950s, people who had a disability had two options of housing which included living with their families or living in an institution. However, families did not receive much support since most public welfare services were used towards institutional care, such as mental hospitals and orphanages. Throughout the 1960s there were movements to deinstitutionalize, which at that time basically led to smaller institutions. The 1970s allowed for even smaller community-based residential servicesRead MoreAppendix I Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pagesyears 1946 and 1964 Americans with Disabilities Act An Act to establish a clear and comprehensive prohibition of discrimination on the basis of disability. 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I of course have hadRead MoreHow Theories Of Education Have Changed Thought The Years1647 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' In this paper I will show my research on how theories of education have changed thought the years and how teachers and students adapt to these changes. With the changes in multicultural classrooms and how students with disabilities have rights in public education. All early childhood theories have changed so much though the years based on a diverse multicultural world and new laws to protect students, have been put into place to aid these children. Research that was taken backRead MoreUniversal Design For Learning ( Udl ) And Learners With Severe Support Needs855 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Universal Design for learning (UDL) and learners with Severe Support Needs†. Hartmann writes a story from her experience about student his name is Marcus has disabilities. The regular curriculum failed to get him a better education, and then his teachers decided to replace him in a school had curricula focused in disabilities or severe disabilities. Unfortunately, those schools for students â€Å"non-verbal† and Marcus had an ability to speak; his mother had frustrated and embarrassment for son future because

Marketing Strategies Of Aldi And Waitrose - 1277 Words

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The Media For Making Girls And Women - 876 Words

This film blames the media for making girls and women feel that their value is in their bodies only, and for keeping them from taking up leadership positions. Do you think the media is totally at fault, or are there also social and political factors that contribute to this as well? Explain. I do not think the media is entirely to blame for the way that women see themselves and their means of value in the world. I think the value placed on appearance is partly ingrained in our base instincts. For men, finding the best mate is about being strong or wealthy, a protector and provider. For women, it is more about being pretty, good genes to pass on to offspring. Throughout the eons, long before the media came into play, there have been different ideas about what constitutes beauty. But in all great art and forms, the subjects portrayed have been in what that time period viewed as beautiful. Women want to be valued, and value lies in appearance, and to a point, always has. In addition, I think there are social factors that contribute to women’s status in society. In my psychology class, we studied that women do not dress up for men, they dress to impress other women. If women wanted to dress to impress men, we would walk around naked. Instead, we go out with Gucci purses and M.A.C makeup. Most men I have met could not care less about brands and expensive makeup. It is other girls who care. We dress up to be accepted into the fold. Even mothers and female friends will policeShow MoreRelatedGender Bias - Mountains On The Playing Field Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pageshas changed since the 20th century. We’ve gone from women strictly being classified as housewives to women being discriminated against in leadership positions. Much of the discrimination that women face is closely related to issues surrounding body image. What we cannot forget in the year 2014 is who control the ideas that we have about women and leadership: the media. 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Teenagers look to the media for a sense of entertainment. Whether it is movies, magazines, or even some aspects of social media, teenagers get a lot of influence from the media’s message. The problem with this is the media has a specific way of doing things and can be negative to a susceptible teenage girl. Media’s way of portraying a womanRead MoreWhat If I Just Lost Weight Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pagesweight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  says most girls once in their life. Woman are constantly putting their bodies through awful diets and harsh workouts, just to become perfect in someone else eyes. Woman and young girls see figures of other women with a double zero pants size and ask â€Å"why can’t I look like that?† Today society puts too much pressure on young women to have the perfect body. What society needs to say is all women are beautiful, there is no such thing as the perfect body. Today, women are putting down other

Business Comparison Of Mail Communications New Technologies Have Alway Essay Example For Students

Business Comparison Of Mail Communications New Technologies Have Alway Essay s allowed us to do things faster, more efficiently, and more professionally than ever before. Generally, every new technology is a step forward for speed and productivity. But, despite this paradigm, the coming of the latest mail communications innovation has brought many pros and cons with the package. Electronic mail could be the greatest thing since sliced bread, but there are many who find flaws in it. We are now going to take a moment to compare the speed, ease, reliability, and expense of electronic mail with our general postal system. The speed of transfer is an important part of the decision to send mail by either protocol. E-mail has a distinct advantage in this category. With the click of a button, your message will be received in a period of 5 to 30 seconds. Whether you are sending e-mail to a person across the street or in Afghanistan, the transfer rate is virtually the same. Also, data files and computer applications can be sent via e-mail; however, large files will slow upload download time even though they are sent in seconds. Unfortunately, physical packages such as gifts or magazines cannot be attached to e-mail. On the other side of the spectrum, the postal service can send any kind of physical package, from a magazine to a pool table, for a price proportional to its size. The postal service can also transfer data if it is placed on a disk or a CD-ROM. Speed, however, is a problem. Even the smallest letter takes from two days to two weeks to deliver, depending on the locations of the sender and the receiver. Even sending a letter to the house across the street takes time due to unnecessary movement. The mail is taken to the nearest large post office, sorted there, then delivered to the post office closest to the destination, and delivered from there. In other words, mail that is sent across town sometimes has to travel out of town and back again to reach the final point.Another variable aspect of the two mail systems is ease-of-use, which can potentially be quite costly. E-mail has many disadvantages when viewed from this angle. For one thing, e-mail requires some knowledge of computer operation. Anyone who wishes to use e-mail needs to know how to use the software that it requires, and one can only send e-mail to other people with the same knowledge. Secondly, a computer with various equipment is needed. Hardware includes: motherboard with processor ($300+), hard drive ($100-$200), four megs RAM ($60), video card ($80-$200), fax modem ($50-$200), and monitor keyboard ($200-$450). The e-mail user also has to pay a monthly fee on his e-mail internet account, generally ranging from $8 to $25 per month, whether the account is used or not. The only financial advantage to this system is that postage stamps are not required. General mail differs in that the only knowledge required is literacy, and the only equipment that is needed is an envelope ($.03) and a stamp ($.32). No monthly fee is levied on mail users, and anyone can send and receive mail. These facts show that, in terms of expense, the Postal Service has an edge on E-mail. Finally, we will review the reliability of each system. Because e-mail is run by a computer network, human error is impossible. Consequently, e-mail is always transferred to the correct address; it never is lost, stolen, and its contents are never removed. Unfortunately, since humans do operate the servers that transfer the messages, server operators have the power to read mail that is passing through. They also can copy files that are attached to messages, though the messages and files themselves are not damaged in any way. The old method of mail, on the other hand, has even more problems. .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .postImageUrl , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:hover , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:visited , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:active { border:0!important; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:active , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Metamorphosis: Gregor Was An Unselfish Person Essay First, since humans deliver the envelopes, error is not uncommon. Letters have been delivered to the wrong address on numerous occasions; checks and other items have been stolen out of packages by dishonest postal workers. In short, both e-mail and our traditional mail service are unsafe.After viewing all of the details of each system, a declaration that either protocol is better than the other would be sophomoric. Each has its pros and cons. E-mail may be faster, but it is much more expensive. Mail may be easy to use, but it is slow. Each individual must choose which system fits his needs and is most comfortable for him. The healthy competition between the two creates a better product selection for all of us.

Music Sensorship Essays (235 words) - Viacom Media Networks, MTV

MTV Everyone remembers Michael Jackson's red leather jacket covered with zippers and the sexy style of Madonna. MTV, or music television, nationally publicizes these images and entertainers, and others like them. The station also promotes an idealized teen lifestyle, reflecting the images of these famous artists, that contrasts with the realities of the Generation X lifestyle. While some view the station as illustrated radio or an entertainment network for viewers' pleasure, others more accurately assess it as an advertising enterprise that endorses products and promotes attitudes. The advertisements that are both hidden in videos and placed in regular slots, influence viewers. Whether or not MTV critics agree with these messages that the network sends out, it has become a huge franchise generating large profits and great popularity. During the 1980's, MTV grew from being strictly a music video station to an original, three-station network that became the choice of several generations of viewers and the advertisers who court them. MTV's entertainment, commercialism, and messages satisfy and influence many types of viewers, giving them a healthy sense of group identity. In 1981, MTV became one of the first stations to be able to appeal to such a populous audience as the twelve to twenty-four year old age group. The chief operating officer of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment Company (WASEC) felt that there was a body of young people being ignored, hence the company de...