Genetic Engineering: There is No Genetic Definition of Humanity Essay

With progresses in hereditary qualities and the unscrambling of the human genome, numerous individuals are setting aside the effort to kick back and consider the inquiries of what humankind is and where it comes from.1 Will methods, for example, quality treatment inevitably make individuals who aren't exactly human? In the event that humankind is an adaptable and ever-evolving idea, at that point how individuals know whether they are human? Does some standard proportion of mankind appear to be likely in our future, and is it even morally legitimate to force such a norm? Reasoning offers the most fulfilling meaning of mankind: a human individual is a cognizant person who interfaces with an outside world. The subtleties of the different philosophical discussions on the specific idea of personhood would be sufficient to fill a library, however the fundamental thoughts can be summed up as follows: an individual is mindful, being able to consider thinking. Nothing in this meaning of humankind includes matters of hereditary qualities or quantitative examinations of explicit characteristics, which makes this definition pertinent to individuals who may not be human in the manner science attempts to characterize the term. Characterizing mankind from a logical perspective, be that as it may, is an annoyed undertaking. Many carefully human characteristics can be found in creatures. Wolves have a mind boggling social structure. Bonobos, a subspecies of chimpanzee, can become familiar with a theoretical image language and demonstrate the capacity to get punctuation and syntax.2 In different tests dolphins-who are hereditarily more removed from people than bonobos-took in a sort of gesture based communication indicating that they, as well, can get a handle on complex guidelines of language.3 One just needs to holler at the family canine to see that creatures can communicate feeling and compassion. What, at that point, is left to people? Many point to our trend setting innovation as evidence... ... 1. This paper was initially composed for the course, Human Genetics, Society, and Ethics, held at Washington College, Chestertown, Maryland. 2. Robert A. Nobleman, Psychology fifth ed. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2000). 3. Nobleman. 4. N. A. Campbell, J. B. Reece, and L. G. Mitchell, Biology fifth ed., (New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1999). 5. Matt Ridley, Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1999) 24. 6. In the same place. 7. Nobleman. 8. Ridley, 24. 9. In the same place. 10. Campbell et al., 446. Book reference Nobleman, Robert. A. Brain science. fifth ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2000. Campbell, N. A., J. B. Reece, and L. G. Mitchell. Science. fifth ed. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1999. Ridley, Matt. Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1999.

Romeo and Juliet Inevitability of fate

Destiny and its natural certainty have continually found it’s path into Shakespeare’s work and the work affected by him, a prime case of this is found inside the very preamble of perhaps the biggest part of work; Romeo and Juliet.Within the preface Shakespeare utilizes numerous artistic methods, for example, ideas of portending and emotional incongruity that happen all through the play, some increasingly apparent that others; ‘ The dreadful entry of their passing mark’d love’ this is a conspicuous sign of the reviled or uninevitable destiny that our fundamental heroes will share toward the finish of the play.Shakespeare utilizes sensational incongruity to accentuate the misfortune that these two offer and thusly play to the crowds interest. Regardless of this numerous perusers once in a while understand that the preamble is in actuality written in piece structure; comprising of 14 lines, predictable rhyming and a rhyming couplet at the last line writ ten.The structure may indicate not just the solid love that both Romeo and Juliet share for each other yet additionally maybe the adoration for continually endeavoring to avoid their destiny and follow enthusiasm rather than reason.Romeo and Juliet are continually observed to oppose society’s norms and the guideline set by their home, through this we can see that all affection has a part of destiny. Regardless of whether it be resolved, or inevitable.Correspondingly, a significant number of the sonnets found inside the compilation share both similar implications, structure and jargon that we include discovered inside the preface. A fundamental example of likeness would be found inside Sonnet 116, composed by Shakespeare in 1609.This, as clear in it’s name is organized in work structure similarly as we have found in the introduction, once more it doesn't talk legitimately of affection however rather as a portrayal of what love is and isn't. ‘Love isn't love.Which change when it adjustment finds’ Shakespeare here states that adoration is un bowed or broken and along these lines can't be made or pulverized, in this setting we can propose that affection is accordingly just a way in which one may set upon and this is chosen by just destiny, Shakespeare expresses that you can't cherish who you pick yet rather love picks you.‘It is an at any point fixed mark’ Shakespeare proceeds to depict what love is against what love isn’t and thusly sharing a few likenesses to the preamble, again portraying love as a ‘mark’ because of his tedious undertone of adoration and destiny inside the preface this may infer that this imprint is in certainty destiny itself and consequently he permits Romeo and Juliet’s love to live in the production of his poems; ‘love’s not time’s fool’ recommending love is perpetual in spite of Romeo and Juliet’s quick moving toward death.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for October 5th, 2019

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Theories of Organizational Behavior - 10512 Words

Revisiting the Classical theories Introduction Organization indexes considerably more than the structures that lifts us out of ‘bare life’. Organization is also intimately, and utterly, connected to thought. While many, and by no means just those in the West, think of themselves as ‘free’ from enslavement by others, and even free from the organization of the state, who can argue that they are also free from the pervasive effects of language, culture and science? These are matters into which we find ourselves ‘thrown’, long before we wake up to their organizing effects. If, indeed, we ever do wake up. For if the intricate relations between language and thought came to be examined late in the 19th century, questions about the†¦show more content†¦After the First World War, the focus of organizational studies shifted to analysis of how human factors and psychology affected organizations, a transformation propelled by the identification of the Hawthorne effect. Prominent early scholars included Chester Barnard, Henri Fayol, Frederick Herzberg and so on. These people together constitute what is generally called the Classical school. One of the first schools of management thought, the classical management theory, developed during the Industrial Revolution when new problems related to the factory system began to appear. Managers were unsure of how to train employees (many of them non-English speaking immigrants) or deal with increased labor dissatisfaction, so they began to test solutions. As a result, the classical management theory developed from efforts to find the â€Å"one best way† to perform and manage tasks. It arose because of the need to increase productivity and efficiency. The emphasis was on trying to find the best way to get the most work done by examining how the work process was actually accomplished and by scrutinizing the skills of the workforce. Later on there were many developments in the field, but the role and importance of this school remains almost unparallel and they can be grouped among the most influential of all the theorists because it was these theories that the later day schools and thoughts took as their beginning point. Even today,Show MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Organizational Behavior1861 Words   |  8 PagesIn organizational behavior, there are many topics researched. Motivation happens to be the most researched (Robbins Judge, 2014, p. 96). According to Robbins and Judge (2014), motivation includes the processes accounting for a person’s intensity, persistence of effort, and direction toward completing a goal (p. 97). The three concepts capturing the essence of motivation include hope, action, and vision. Pinder’s (2008) findings explained the following: Hope is one of many energizing internalRead MoreOrganizational Theory and Behavior6990 Words   |  28 PagesOrganizational Theory and Behavior  © 1993, David S. Walonick, Ph.D. Classical Organization Theory Classical organization theory evolved during the first half of this century. It represents the merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. Frederick Taylor (1917) developed scientific management theory (often called Taylorism) at the beginning of this century. His theory had four basic principles: 1) find the one best way to perform each task, 2) carefullyRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Theory : Trait Theory1373 Words   |  6 Pages Organizational Behavior Theory: Trait Theory Michael Sinnett MGT500 – Organizational Behavior Colorado State University – Global Campus Dr. Larry Key September 24, 2017â€Æ' Organizational Behavior Theory: Trait Theory There are so many aspects that make up human behavior. For example, a person s environment and their genetics are a couple of aspects that make up an individual s behavior. Therefore, it would make sense that when you have a group of individuals together there would be just asRead MoreApplying Organizational Behavior Theory? Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesApplying Organizational Behavior Theory Ahmed Salman Argosy University September, 23, 2015 Applying Organizational Behavior Theory Introduction Organizational behavior entails the study of individual and also group performance and their interactions and ability to work in groups. It aims at identifying major problems that affects performance within the teams to work together, in a bid to develop a more efficient business operation (Hiriyappa, 2009). It relies heavily on organizational culturesRead MoreOrganizational Theory and Behavior Essay626 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational Theory and Behavior Homework #3 October 9, 2007 What advancement barriers did Lisa encounter? Although Lisa Weber was a highly qualified, ambitious analyst for the firm, she never had a chance for advancement because of that glass ceiling. The idea of becoming a partner was always visible, but never attainable because of the various obstacles she had to face. The same obstacles most women face when trying to climb the corporate ladder. Several barriers stood in Lisa’s pathRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Theory Essay3878 Words   |  16 PagesMGT 332 Organizational Behavior Theory Worksheet – Chapter 5 Name_____________________________________________ Banner# ____________________________ Date: ______________   Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ Directions: Circle the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1.  _____ represent(s) complex, patterned, organismic reactions to how we think we are doing in our lifelong efforts to survive and flourish and to achieve what we wish for ourselves.   A.  Self-efficacy B.  Skills C.  IntelligenceRead MoreQuestions On Organizational Theory And Behavior1459 Words   |  6 Pages COURSE: ORGANISATIONAL THEORY AND BEHAVIOR COURSE CODE: MGT 4020 INSTRUCTOR: DR. SIKALEI DAMARY GROUP ONE INTERNET EXERCISE: ORGANISATIONAL CONTEXT: DESIGN AND CULTURE MEMBERS ID NO GITATA IAN MWANGI 639068 MBEERA KEITH 641323 NDERITU SUSAN NJERI Read MoreOrganizational Behavior- Motivation Theories1023 Words   |  5 Pagesformal groups, the behaviors that one should engage in are stipulated by and directed toward organizational goals. Informal groups are alliances that are neither formally structured nor organizationally determined. These groups are natural formations in the work environment that appear in response to the need for social contact. (Pages 123-124) 135. Differentiate the terms role identity, role perception, and role expectation. There are certain attitudes and actual behaviors consistent with aRead MoreThe Theory, Organizational Behaviors, And The Interconnectedness Of Employees1221 Words   |  5 Pagesculture and behaviors from an occurred situation. This includes the organization realizing a repeated pattern of behaviors that is not growing or helping the organization in the right direction. When organizations admit to certain truths or facts and acknowledge flawed behaviors, then change can start. Organizations attempt to change by restructuring and reorganizing the company. Organizations learn only through individuals who learn. Individual learning does not guarantee organizational learning butRead MoreManagement, Organizational Behavior, And The Systems Theory963 Words   |  4 Pagesbut contemporary approaches to management aim to do just that. The sociotechnical theory, quantitative management, organizational behavior, a nd the systems theory all work in different ways to maintain a sort of balance within the businesses internal, competitive and macroenviroments. Keeping all areas of the open system balanced is essential for any manager to have a successful business. The sociotechnical theory was developed in the early 1950’s and was designed to refine the social environment

Analysis Of The Movie Braveheart - 1529 Words

Dylan Echevarria English 106 Darryl Ellison 30 January 2015 Braveheart: Close Reading As George S. Patton commented about war, Battle is the most magnificent competition in which a human being can indulge. It brings out all that is best; it removes all that is base. All men are afraid in battle. The coward is the one who lets his fear overcome his sense of duty. Duty is the essence of manhood. There is an extensive body of films in the War genre, some of which seem to glorify the bravery and drama of battle, while others portray the gruesome and brutal reality of combat. At their best, these films can stir the audience to an emotional response, building the intensity to a fever pitch as the viewer roots for the good guys and comes to†¦show more content†¦The dramatic arrival of the horseman, combined with the huge army of men dressed in ancient military attire, complete with an array of weaponry and thunderous music, create the atmosphere of war. The troop commander asks the just-arrived messenger how many enemy soldiers there are, t o which the messenger reports that they are really many, â€Å"at least three to one. This response immediately introduces the audience to the dire situation in the film. The setting, costumes, and weaponry also depict the historical era, repeatedly showing the extensive, green battlefields, accurate costuming of the spears, flags, shields and helmets of thirteenth century Scotland. In particular, Wallace, with his unique, blue face paint, seems different even from his men. Furthermore, the color of the horses is symbolic. There are horses outfitted in a variety of colors, but the white ones stand out and are used by the troop leaders. This technique brings out distinction, and possibly a sense of authority for the troop commanders. The historically accurate costuming and setting the scene add to the viewer s sense of being transported back in time, stationed at the side of the battlefield. The filmmaker also makes a creative use of sound in developing characters and the theme of t he movie. Clever use of both sound effects and music enhance the viewing experience and add to theShow MoreRelatedBraveheart Movie Analysis1216 Words   |  5 PagesBraveheart Edward the Longshanks, king of England was a dominant figure bent on obtaining allegiance by most any means available. He was an autocratic leader in that he was the central authority. The only power that he was willing to give was to those that he could still control through fear and bribery. Expansion of his power base came by using the greed of others. Given no concern for human needs, he expected his followers to do what they were told and not think for themselves. Input from othersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Braveheart By William Wallace1570 Words   |  7 Pagesthey might think of the Mel Gibson movie, â€Å"Braveheart†. As that is a great movie, it’s not nearly the full story of William Wallace. Therefore, a hunt for the truth of the real the story was underway. William Wallace was born in 1270’s in Scotland, but not much is known about his childhood but that he lived with his father, Sir Malcom Wallace, on a small piece of land in Scotland. (BBC) and (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica) This is dock number one on the movie. Although some may say, â€Å"Shame onRead MoreBraveheart Figurative Language1522 Words   |  7 Pages Wu 1 Raymond Wu Instructor: Ian Patrick Cresswell English 100 – 03 22 March 2016 MLA Braveheart Speech: In-depth Analysis Regarding Figurative Language Braveheart is a historical drama epic film from 1995. The film was nominated for ten Academy Awards and won five. The film is non-fictional and depicts the events of William Wallace, a Scottish hero who led the Scots during the First War of Scottish Independence against England. 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The analysis is a classic depiction of the integration of various themes involving revenge, perseverance, and betrayal in the passing of the message of world civilization that involved securing Scotland from the powerful English armies. The movie’s use of relevant themes, throughRead MoreEssay about How to Read Literature Like a Professor1562 Words   |  7 Pagesgo there, (d) challenges and trials en route, and (e) a real reason to go there. I believe that almost every literary work consists of a quest, but some are more obvious than others. An example of a quest would be from my all time favorite Disney movie, â€Å"Up†. * (a) A quester: Carl Frederickson (b) A place to go: Paradise Falls (c) A stated reason to go there: When Carl and his wife were younger; they both idolized an explorer named Charles Muntz. They were saving up money to go to ParadiseRead MoreModernization of Ntuc Income Case Study14065 Words   |  57 Pages Popsicle days, and the occasional rock concert. At DY4 Systems Inc. in Ottawa, employees sit on plastic chairs that double as curling rocks for their human curling event. At Kryptonite, CEO Gary Furst dresses up as a Scottish warrior in the movie Braveheart, complete with kilt, face-paint, and bagpiper, when he hands out the bonus cheques. Furst and other executives at the Boston-based bicycle lock maker have also dyed their hair green, held game shows, and hired musicians to entertain the troopsRead MoreModernization of Ntuc Income Case Study14054 Words   |  57 Pages Popsicle days, and the occasional rock concert. At DY4 Systems Inc. in Ottawa, employees sit on plastic chairs that double as curling rocks for their human curling event. At Kr yptonite, CEO Gary Furst dresses up as a Scottish warrior in the movie Braveheart, complete with kilt, face-paint, and bagpiper, when he hands out the bonus cheques. Furst and other executives at the Boston-based bicycle lock maker have also dyed their hair green, held game shows, and hired musicians to entertain the troops

Allergies and other type of immune hypersensitivities Free Essays

Allergies and other type of immune hypersensitivities are important undesirable side effect of our immune system. These problems occur in people who have a specific allergic tendency. Anyone suffering from allergy can take comfort that there are over 50 million fellow American sufferers of this problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Allergies and other type of immune hypersensitivities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Roughly one in 6 American is afflicted with allergic problem. Fortunately, in very few people allergic condition can become life threatening. In most allergy sufferers problems due to allergy appear to be trivial such as runny nose, sneezing, itchy eyes, sinus problem, rash and skin complaints but these otherwise minor problems can make the allergy sufferers lives quite miserable. Our immune system, essential for defending our bodies against foreign organisms, produces antibodies and activated white cells to attack invaders like viruses and bacteria. Occasionally, the immune response results in an inappropriate or exaggerated reaction called hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity is classified into four types; Types I, II, III and IV. Types I to Type III hypersensitivities are antibody-mediated while Type IV is a cell mediated hypersensitivity. Type II III are Immunoglobulin G (IgG) mediated while Type I sensitivity is Immunoglobulin E mediated. The term ‘Allergy’ is confined to IgE mediated reactions or Type I hypersensitivity [Levinson, 2004] . Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is our body’s host defense system against certain parasites such as worms. In developed countries, where parasitic infection is uncommon, most people have no or very low level of IgE. An allergic reaction or allergy occurs when our body’s immune system mistakenly considers a harmless substance, called ‘allergen’ as dangerous and starts producing IgE to trigger an allergic reaction [Levinson, 2004]. Types of Allergies Allergic Rhinitis: This type of allergy causes swelling of nasal mucosa with respiratory discomforts like sneezing and runny nose by inhaling allergens such as pollen, molds, dust, dander and other allergens. Allergic Conjunctivitis: The allergic reaction affects the eyes, redness and itching are the signs of this allergy. Bronchoconstriction: Wheezing and shortness of breath caused by narrowing of bronchial cavities. Asthma is a serious type of bronchoconstriction. This type of allergy is also caused dust, pollen, mites, and other allergens. Ear Allergies: The allergens affect ear passages causing pain and impairing hearing. Skin Allergies: Itchy rashes, blisters, hives, and contact dermatitis caused by touching certain substances such a poison ivy or food items are manifestation of this type of allergy. In allergies where swelling occurs as a result of hives, swelling can cause breathing and swallowing difficulties. Food Allergies: Certain kind of foods, such as fish egg, nuts and milk can cause intestinal upsets due to allergic reactions. Time Delayed Allergies: An allergic response appearing hours or days after application or absorption of an allergen; including contact dermatitis and bacterial allergy [Allergies, 2006] Anaphylaxis: This is the most severe systemic allergic reaction causing bronchoconstriction, swelling of body tissues, vomiting, cramps, skin reactions and drop in blood pressure, coma and even death [Guyton Hall, 2006]. Allergy can also be classified on the basis of its effect and allergen as: ? Respiratory Allergies ? Skin Allergies ? Food Allergies ? Asthma ? Drug Allergies ? Sting Allergies Causes Risk Factors Problems with normal immune responses are believed to be the result of both genetic and environmental factors. Children of allergic parents are more likely to have similar allergies though the allergens may differ. [Allergies, 2006] Genetic research is leading scientists to believe that skin and tissue specific genes may be responsible for causing allergy symptoms [NIH, 2000]. Stress and anxiety are acknowledged a common cause of allergic reaction. [Lenzoff, 1997] subjected patients suspected of multiple chemical sensitivities concluded that in some sufferers allergy symptoms might be triggered by their perception of an environmental insult. Increasing use of chemicals has resulted in introduction of new toxins into the atmosphere. The increase in number of allergy cases during the last decades is often attributed to atmospheric pollution [Bornehag et al, 2004]. Better identification of problem as allergy and not other minor condition such as cold is perhaps also responsible for increased numbers. Allergy or Cold A number of symptoms of common cold are also the symptoms of allergy. It is not unusual to mistake one for the other. The major difference between the cold and flu are [Allergy, 2006b]: – Both cold and allergy show the common symptoms of allergy but the cold is also accompanied by fever and pain. – Allergy begins immediately after exposure to the allergen while cold takes a day or more to develop to full strength. – Cold is a self terminating diseases and the symptoms disappear in 3 to 7 days while allergies continue till the person remains exposed to the allergen Allergens The body’s immune system has the capability to attack a foreign organism. If it identifies a substance such as pollen as foreign, even mistakenly, the defense mechanism comes into action and IgE is produced to fight off that particular substance. Thus, there will be separate IgE for pollen and for dust allergies. There are many allergens as any person could be allergic to a common substance, which is not an allergen to others, but the common allergens include pollen and fungus from weeds, grasses. Trees and outdoor mold, dog and cat dander, dust particles, noxious vapors and smog, foods such as fish, eggs, nuts and insect bites. Signs Symptoms In addition to the usual sneezing, runny nose, rashes allergy and red or itchy eyes symptoms include atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, headache, earache, hives, coughing, sinusitis, and other discussed above. Medical Tests Diagnosis Methods/Tools The diagnostic tests for Allergy include: †¢ Skin Prick Test (SPT) †¢ Total IgE Test †¢ Range of Specific IgE Test †¢ Phadiatop Assay †¢ Specific IgE Pediatric Food Mix fx5 Skin Prick Test: Skin prick test is a common and simple method of diagnosing allergy. In this test small amount of suspected allergens are injected either intra-dermally or into the scratching made in the patient’s skin. Patient allergic to any of the allergen shows a visible inflammation after half an hour. Skin Prick Test (SPT) only responds to allergens used in the test. In cases where patient is allergic to any other allergen, this test will not show. Some patients with delayed type hypersensitivity may be adversely affected by the test. Total IgE Test: Patient serum IgE test is another method used for determining Type I hypersensitivity. The test provides useful indication for allergy. This test however is not considered conclusive. The test measures total IgE value and is said to be only to report existence of allergy 60% of the time [Labspec, 2006]. The extent of symptoms and type of allergy has an effect on the result. Severe skin allergy shows a higher IgE value than rhinitis or conjunctivitis. [Labspec, 2006] also point out that Standard IgE values appear to vary with ethnicity of the patient. Range of Specific IgE Test: Some diagnostic suppliers are manufacturing specific IgE test for allergens. Specific tests for over 400 allergens are available. Some of these specific tests have been approved for routine tests, other are awaiting approval. [Labspec, 2006] Phadiatop Assay: Instead of testing total IgE or specific test for a single allergen, this test tests serum for a wide range of inhalant allergens. The test is said to be 95% reliable and can be used to exclude allergens included in Phadiatop assay. Specific IgE Pediatric Food Mix fx5 His test is similar to Phadiatop Assay, but instead of inhalant allergens, ingestant allergens are tested. This test is still in approval stages for general laboratory use. Treatment Options Many people with mild allergies avoid seeking medical help, but it is important to know that allergies if left untreated can develop into serious health problems like infections in sinuses, throat and ears, chronic respiratory problems, skin problems such as eczema. The treatment Options for allergies include: †¢ Avoid allergen environment and/or food †¢ Over the counter medication (histamines) †¢ Prescription drugs nasal drops, †¢ Allergy shots †¢ Allergy Drops †¢ Immunotherapy †¢ Alternate Therapies Once a person knows the substance that causes allergy, the best treatment is to avoid that substance. However avoiding allergen is not always possible as it is not possible to breathe. Food allergens can be easily avoided [When Should I Get Medical Treatment for Allergy, 2006] . In a very large number of cases of mild allergy over the counter medication is all one needs to relieve the symptoms. It is important to consult a doctor for over the counter medicine too, as some of these medicines if used excessively can cause serious side effects. Most of the histamines cause drowsiness. Antihistamines and decongestants relieve the symptoms of most allergy sufferers. Again, a physician’s advice should be sought. Many new antihistamines relieve the symptoms of allergy without causing drowsiness. In sinus congestion, nasal sprays available on prescription provide quick relief from symptoms of allergy. Allergy shots prevent the allergen from being recognized as a foreign body. This treatment is becoming very popular. Sublingual drops also known as sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT) is an alternate to allergy shots and has the same principle of desensitization. Oral application of SLIT is also considered convenient by the patients. Those interested in alternative medicine often recommend several alternate therapies. Dietary supplements are said to increase health of immune system and prevent allergies. The other alternative medicines are beyond the scope of this paper. [Allergies, 2006a] provides several references to alternative treatment websites. Anaphylaxis must be considered a medical emergency and immediate medical help must be sought as it can cause low blood pressure, hyper-constriction, coma and even death. Prevention Methods The best prevention is to avoid the allergen responsible for causing the allergy. Cross the counter medicine approved by a patients physician may also be used before coming into contact with allergens. In view of the number of sufferers, various equipments such as vacuum cleaners, humidifiers, beddings and air purifiers are available in the market to control domestic allergens. A physician may be able to advice about prevention methods about other specific allergies. Bibliography 1. Allergies, (2006a), Alternative Allergy Treatment Options, [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://allergies. about. com/od/alternatives/Alternative_Allergy_Treatment_Options. htm 2. Allergies, (2006b), [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://www. med-help. net/Allergies. html 3. Allergy, (2006), What is Allergy, [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://www. setel. com/~allergy/Products/allergy 4. Bornehag C, Sundell J, Weschler C, Sigsgaard T, Lundgren B, Hasselgren M, Hagerhed-Engman L (2004). â€Å"The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust: a nested case-control study. † Environ Health Perspective 112 (14): 1393-7. 5. Guyton, AC, and Hall, JE, (2006), Textbook of Medical Physiology-11th Edition, Published by Elsevier, Pa. , ISBN 13-81-8147-920-3 6. LabSpec, Allergy Diagnostic Tests, (2006) [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://www. labspec. co. za/diag. htm 7. Levinson, W. , (2004), Medical Microbiology Immunology, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill Companies, ISBN 0-07-143199-3 8. Leznoff. A. , (1999), Provocative challenges in patients with multiple chemical sensitivity, J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997 Apr; 99 (4):438-42 9. NIH- National Institute of Health/ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), (2000), International Team Accelerates Investigation of Immune-Related Genes, [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://www3. niaid. nih. gov/news/newsreleases/2000/ihwg. htm 10. When Should I Get Medical Treatment for Allergies? , (2006) [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://health. howstuffworks. com/allergy-treatments-ga1. htm How to cite Allergies and other type of immune hypersensitivities, Papers

Promote Profitability and Attract Customers

Question: Discuss about the Promote Profitability and Attract Customers. Answer: Introduction A good menu is one where the most popular dishes are the ones that give the most benefits to the restaurant. For this, restaurateurs place the most profitable dishes in prominent places, under labels like suggestions or specialties. In addition, they play with prices. The dishes that want to be asked for more are placed next to the more expensive dishes of the menu, so that, by comparison, they seem more economical (Ancona, 2002). In menu psychology, the personality of a specific restaurant focuses on the absolute goals of the company to promote profitability and to attract more customers. To achieve the goals, a menu design must be attractive to catch the eye of the customer. A menu is not necessarily about the price and the dishes; it must psychologically engage a customer for him or her to buy the dish. There are different psychologies in the menu; the first one is design psychology. It is the golden triangle. For many people, they eyes on the menu starts at the middle section, it then goes to the upper right corner of the menu and finally to the left upper corner of the menu (Hailey, 2014). These are the areas in which the hotelier should place the dishes with the highest profit margins. They are not the most expensive but the most profitable. It really pays handsomely when you the golden triangle is fully effected in design psychology. The second type of psychology is the color psychology. The use of color attracts the customers to appropriate sections of the menu. Color green is seen as the greens and vegetables section picked from the garden. Orange on the other hand is fun, light and healthy foods. It stimulates appetites. Yellow makes people happy and captures the attention of the customer same as red thus makes people to spend more money in the restaurant (Avermaete and Massey, 2013). Superlatives are too fantastic to believe. Although it may seem a lie, there are hundreds of studies that have studied carefully how customers read a menu, which dishes have to be placed sooner or later .What is the proper source and what is the optimal number of meals that should be offered to the diner to spend as much as possible. Evaluation of the Menu A good menu should have variety of food or dishes that are enticing When fixing the price of the dishes of a restaurant, the innkeepers take into account two variables: how mu ch the raw material costs and what elaboration entails each dish. Based on this, it is established a price range, which is usually huge, and varies according to how greedy each entrepreneur is. No matter how much the restorer squeezes his head to put an appropriate price for each meal, and honored as it is, there will be dishes that will be much more profitable than others: those in which the relationship between the price of matter and the time is more balanced. These are the dishes that will be promoted as much as possible. Choosing which dish to take in a restaurant is, on occasion, a daunting task. Luckily, gigantic letters are becoming less common. For some time now the hoteliers have understood that overwhelming the diner with an infinite number of dishes is not synonymous with luxury and opulence, in that sense, is getting worse and worse (Hailey, 2014). In fast-food restaurants, customers have only six choices per category (starters, chicken, fish, vegetables, pasta, meat, hamburgers and sandwiches and desserts), while in conventional restaurants seven entrees, seven desserts and ten dishes are enough Main. No more no less For a long time, the restaurateurs have designed their menus following very specific patterns, which seem to be changing. A study from San Francisco State University found that diners read letters from left to right and from top to bottom, as if they were books. For decades restaurateurs thought that the most attractive space on a menu, like a magazine or newspaper, was the one on the top right corner, but according to recent study, , Diners read up and down the entire menu (as shown in the diagram), carefully, and there is no place more appealing than another (Kifer et al., 2002). In some peoples view, you can not confuse the menu of a restaurant with an advertising brochure, because in a restaurant you have an audience that is motivated to read the information you offer. According to their study, there is no more attractive plac e in the menu, but less attractive places: the areas with restaurant information and the list of salads, which interest less people. Another trick that restaurants are beginning to adopt is to place prices in such a way that they are not aligned with each other and make it more difficult to compare the cost of different dishes. In addition, as far as possible, decimals are tended to be eliminated, since a number of only one or two figures seems more affordable. What name to give to the dishes The food has its own language and choose an attractive name for a dish is decisive. At the present time they are not well seen the bombastic names, that have finished saturating, but the names "surprising" continue working (Hall and Schulz, 2011). Why do not Italian restaurants translate the names of the dishes and the ingredients? Because people who know the Italian gastronomy, with a greater percentage, feel very important explaining to the rest of the diners what is one or the other thing, and who is not familiar will have to ask the waiter that, if it is good. The economic factor- the amount and kind of food consumed in a restaurant depends on the income of a person. Expensive restaurants have menu designed to fit their bill. Season- with changes in seasons, the availability of foods and tastes also changes. Meals are mostly prepared according to seasons. Summer foods are different from winter foods and seasonal foods are nutritious. Family composition- there is sedentary workers like lawyers, accountant and teachers. There are also moderate workers and heavy load workers. They eat different kinds of foods so are the different sexes. Lifestyle and food acceptance- not all people eat the same kind of food. People have different preference and their lifestyles affect the composition. Availability of energy, time and labor saving devices. Food availability Summary of the Findings Menus generally should be catchy and bright to attract the customer. When fixing the price of the dishes of a restaurant, the innkeepers take into account two variables: how much the raw material costs and what elaboration entails each dish. A menu in a restaurant will always need improvement depending on changes in variables like prices and the type of foods. Menu psychology, color and design should be perfectly done to boost sales and profits in the restaurant. Recommendations When preparing a menu design, the success or failure of it will depend on its design and ability to attract the customers eye. It is recommended that resultant menu design should be done to maximize the profitability of a restaurant. The various foods that are prepared in the restaurant should also be a determinant in the design of the menu. Menus generally should be catchy and bright to attract the customer. The design should also be prepared to make the foods that are easily eaten to be available. It should be clearly marked and prices visible (Hall and Schulz, 2011). Conclusion Menus are important. In fact, without a menu it is highly unlikely that anything will be sellable. There are different psychologies in the menu; the first one is design psychology. It is the golden triangle. For many people, they eyes on the menu starts at the middle section, it then goes to the upper right corner of the menu and finally to the left upper corner of the menu (The menu, n.d.). A menu should be reflective and show the areas in which a customer will be more attracted to. A menu is not necessarily about the price and the dishes; it must psychologically engage a customer for him or her to buy the dish. References 2003 Los Angeles, So. California restaurants. (2002). New York: Zagat Survey. Ancona, G. (2002). The foods. New York: Benchmark Books. Avermaete, T. and Massey, A. (2013). Hotel lobbies and lounges. London: Routledge. Hailey, A. (2014). Hotel. Open Road Media. Hall, K. and Schulz, C. (2011). Hospitality. New York: Ferguson Pub. Jayaraman, S. (2013). Behind the kitchen door. Ithaca: ILR Press. Jha, S. (2010). Hotel marketing. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Kifer, K., Schneider, J., Solar, D. and Barnard, C. (2002). Foods. Eugene, OR: Garlic Press. Tassiopoulos, D. (2011). New tourism ventures. Cape Town, South Africa: Juta. The menu. (n.d.). 1st ed.

Analysis of the family social network

The organisation of familial activities can be classified in different ways such as independent, complimentary and joint. Complimentary family is were the activities of a husband and wife are different but they live together as a family.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the family social network specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For an independent family, a husband and wife carry out there activities without consulting each other, while in a joint family they work together as a family in all aspects. Both independent and complimentary are regarded as a segregated conjugal role-relationship while a joint-conjugal relation is where they have clear division of labour comprising male tasks and female tasks where each one of them has their own friends (Warren 2007). On the other hand, joint conjugal role relashionship is where a husband and wife carry many activities together with minimum task differences. T hey also spend their leisure time together. In all families, there was a division of labour in that men were to support the family financially while women did household jobs and took care of the children (Adorno 2002). The quantitive examination of the research data suggested that the degree of segregation of conjugal roles is related to connectedness in the total network of the family among other things affecting the way conjugal roles are performed which include the personalities of the husband and the wife (Bott 1971). A family that is loose-knit does their things differently and associate mostly with relatives, neighbours and friends while a family that works closely together and depends on each other and excludes external relations which includes, neighbors, relatives and friends hence they are said to be a tight-coupling family. They connect together in order to make any valuable considerations therefore decisions are made together however, if a wrong decision is made it tends to break the whole family. The degree of segregation in the role relationship of a husband and wife varies directly with the connectedness of the family’s social network.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Bott (1957), families that have a joint conjugal-role relationship are associated with a loose-knit network. However, the research findings made it clear that when people are married the degree of conjugal segregation changes especially with the arrival of a child where all families now come together as a joint family. After the birth of a child, the activities of the couple are sharply different and they have to cut down on joint external reactions. The findings also suggest that most husbands and wives do not return to the extensive joint organizations of the first phase even if the presence of the children is not great (Elder 1988). The data suggested that women’s network is likely to be more of close-knit than that of husbands because their relationship with their kin is harder to break off and also causes the kin to have more mutual aid and material assistance to offer to one another. Therefore, friends cannot use their resources to help one another yet they take care of their families, relatives and their parents hence, it would be necessary to compare the type and degree of intimacy and obligation towards friends, neighbors and relatives (Elster 1999). However the thesis was challenged in that its findings are restricted to data gathered which might not be reflecting exactly what is happening or may be biased to some extent for example, in situations where marriage is superimposed on relationship whether or not role of segregation arises from a close-knit family social network (Chinoy Hewitt, 1975). It is also criticized on the ground that conjugal role segregation is for monosex group rather than the close-knit personal or family social network. In his view we may intuitively feel that each spouse belongs to a monosex group, whereby this group defines conjugal role on a sex link basis which intern leads to conjugal-role segregation. References Adorno, T. (2002). Introduction to Sociology. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the family social network specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bott, E. (1957). Family and Social Network. Roles, Norms and External Relationships in Ordinary Urban Families. London: Tavistock Publishers. Bott, E. (1971). Reconsiderations. In Bott E., Family and Social Network. Roles, Norms and External Relationships in Ordinary Urban Families, 2nd edition. London: Tavistock Publ. Chinoy, E. Hewitt, J. P. (1975). Sociological perspective. New York, NY: Random House. Elder, G. H. Caspi, A. (1988). Studying Lives in a Changing Society. Henry Murray Lecture Series . Bucharest: Michigan State University. Elster, J. (1999). Alchemies of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Warren, J. (2007). Service User and Carer Participation in Social Work. Exeter: Learning Matters. This essay on Analysis of the family social network was written and submitted by user DannyRand to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Online Masters Degree Programs California Essays

Online Masters Degree Programs California Essays Online Masters Degree Programs California Essay Online Masters Degree Programs California Essay Rating  Online Masters Degree Programs California  should be near the top of the list. While many professionals pursue online course studies while working, so do students who have conflicting schedules and busy lives.   A degree gives leverage to increasing earning potential, breaking into new fields, or to specialize in a particular area. Many of the finest universities in California have compiled detailed lists of their online classes so students can peruse the course options open to them.   They started a website called, California Virtual Campus to aid students in their quest for online graduate school programs within the state of California. The Rossier School of Education at theUniversityofSouthern Californiais one of the leaders in online graduate degrees. They offer online graduate degrees focusing on developing future leaders.   The California online masters programs focus on teaching students the necessary skills in whatever educational setting works best for the student. No matter what degree you are pursuing, accounting, finance, or business management, the online master’s programs of California utilize the latest in educational technology to prepare advanced learning.   State of the art learning management systems ensure a free flowing avenue of communication between instructors and students. Click the Banner below for the Official: Online Masters Degree Programs California

MacDonalds CSR Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

MacDonalds CSR Strategy - Essay Example Examined in this essay are factors influencing the implementation of MacDonald’s CSR strategies and the current aspirational goals contained in the corporation’s â€Å"2020 CSR and Sustainability Framework† launched in 2014.   MacDonald’s CSR strategy remains reputable with other corporations operating in the same niche mirroring their strategies. The company’s ultimate goal entails the reduction of environmental impact of its operations. In addition, the company aims to ensure sustainability whereby, they emphasize on human well-being, energy efficiency and animal health. In the case of the latter, they support entrepreneurs whose animal rearing projects encompass sustainable production. In the fiscal year 2012-2013, the company sourced 100% whitefish from certified fisheries verified by agencies for using sustainable means of production. In addition, the company installed approximately 300,000 energy-efficient kitchen equipment in different outlets (2014). The rampant rise in obesity and the increase in environmental degradation played a pivotal role in influencing MacDonald’s CSR strategies. Wihbey (2012) estimated that the rate of obesity among male adults is 32.2% whereas, that of women is 35.5%. In addition, obesity in the country costs the government an estimated $ 190 billion in medical expenses (Whibey, 2012). Poor dietary habits and leading a sedentary lifestyle are the major causes of obesity in the US. Therefore, companies operating in the fast food industry must be accountable for decreasing the rampant rise in obesity in the country. Intervention strategies implemented by the government continues to compel companies such as MacDonald’s to implement their own CSR strategies that help decrease the rate of obesity. For example, the use of more organic products in the preparation of their meals, and the provision of healthier alternatives to soft drinks (bypasses the soda tax while ensuring a healthy alternative f or customers). Conversely, increased environmental pollution across the globe also compelled MacDonald’s to re-assess their sourcing strategies, packaging materials, and energy consumption in their different outlets.  

Money rules Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Money rules - Research Paper Example THESIS STATEMENT Documentary films have emerged as an important and effective source of conveying information to large audiences. Correspondingly, this study intends to review a documentary film, ‘Forks over Knives' directed by American filmmaker Lee Fulkerson. Additionally, this study will depict the compelling factors of the selected documentary film and the main theme upon which the film primarily emphasizes. This study also identifies the role of a filmmaker/presenter in substantiating his/her point of view with the use of visuals. Conclusively, this study aims at analyzing a varied set of aspects related with the documentary film, ‘Forks over Knives'. IMPORTANCE OF FILM TOPIC The topic or the theme of the film is an important concept to be reflected upon as it deals with the adverse consequences of today’s eating habits and modern lifestyle. The film attempts to feature the heath complications among the western people primarily linked with selection of food fo r consumption. The film addresses the question, ‘why people in western countries are becoming the victims of degenerative diseases?’ Correspondingly, the film attempts to advocate a plant based diet over an animal based-diet as a solution for overcoming numerous health issues (Luisa, â€Å"Forks Over Knives Documentary Reveals Stunning Healing Power Of Plant-Based Diet†). IDENTIFYING THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE DOCUMENTARY FILM IS COMPELLING ‘Forks Over Knives’ is an American documentary film directed by Lee Fulkerson, an American independent presenter and filmmaker. The film was released on 30th August 2011. The film firmly advocates the consumption of low-fat food and plant based diet as an effective mean for combating certain diseases. The film actually endeavored to represent the problems and the solutions associated with the modern lifestyle of American people. The primary theme of the film explored the notion that a majority of degenerative disease s that are plaguing the people can be eliminated or avoided by discarding the consumption of processed food, primarily processed animal-based food products or items which are staples of the detrimental western diet. The film largely condemns the consumption of processed meat, cheese and pasteurized milk containing sodium nitrite  and other preservatives and atypical chemicals. The main compelling point of the film is attributed to the consumption of plant based diet among the people who are vulnerable to diseases such as diabetes, overweight and heart ailments (Luisa, â€Å"Forks Over Knives Documentary Reveals Stunning Healing Power Of Plant-Based Diet†). USE OF VISUALS BY FILMMAKER TO SUBSTANTIATE HIS POINT The filmmaker uses almost all the visuals in order to reflect the diet of meat eaters along with the evils of consumption habit related with fast-foods such as chips, fries and sodas among them. The filmmaker strives to illustrate the harmful effects of consumption of processed food items through the use of visuals. Furthermore, the visuals heavily stress on the adoption of whole food plant based-diet. The visuals used by the filmmaker were intended to inform people about the healthy eating habits and lifestyles. The visuals used in the film also emphasize the metaphor of standard western diet containing saturated fats and high meat. Additionally, the visuals feature the people who

Has The Federal Emergency Response Improved 9 11 Criminology Essay

Has The Federal Emergency Response Improved 9 11 Criminology Essay The United States is confronted by many kinds of emergencies every day, emergencies which require prompt actions from emergency responders. These responders may come from different parts of the same local authorities or may come from other authorities. They may come from State or Federal agencies. Nevertheless, despite having come from different authorities and agencies, they need to effectively communicate and work together to get their desired results. The failures of the Federal government during the 9/11 attack serves as an awakening call to all. The 9/11 attack which has struck the whole country emphasizes that there is a need to continuously improve incident management. The history of Federal response procedures indicates that Federal planning concentrates too much on how Federal agencies communicate to one another during such emergencies. However, it did not completely concentrate on incorporating the different levels of government to manage incidents. It did not plan on appro priate working relationships prior to, subsequent to, and all throughout the crisis. Subsequent to the 9/11 attack, endeavoring to provide better incident responses, incident management principles must be revisited to develop a better response framework. This paper will provide a review on how the Federal Response Framework was implemented during the 9/11 attack. In doing so, the paper will explore the history of Federal response procedures, the Federal response to terrorism and the National Response Framework. This paper will also discuss the lessons learned from the 9/11 attack and the improvements made since the terrorist attack. History of Federal Response Procedures The current National Response Framework is a product of a long history of natural and man-made disasters, where existing response procedures were revisited and reassessed consequently following a disaster. The federal governments role in emergency response dates back following the event in 1802 when a Portsmouth, New Hampshire was raged by a large uncontrolled fire. Immediately in 1803, the federal government launched the federal role with The Congressional Act of 1803 (Foster, 2005). A century followed characterized by many natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes and floods, to which the federal government attended to. During the 1960s to the early 1970s, United States faced massive disasters which required major federal response and recovery operations. Thus, legislation were increased to address the concerns that natural disasters bring forth, such as the National Flood Insurance Act in 1968 and the Disaster Relief Act in 1974, to name a few (FEMA, 2009). At this point, however, emergency response procedures were still fragmented. There were more than a hundred federal agencies involved in providing assistance to state to local governments in the event of a disaster. Moreover, many programs and policies within the state and local level were too similar resulting to redundancy as well as compounding the complexity of the federal governments efforts in responding to disasters. The National Governors Association considered cutting the number of agencies to which the state and local government needed to coordinate with. They approached President Jimmy Carter to centralize federal emergency functions (Foster, 2005). With an attempt to improve and streamline federal emergency functions, President Carter signed an Executive Order that created the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). FEMA became responsible for coordinat[ing] the federal governments role in preparing for, preventing, mitigating the effects of, responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters, whether natural or man-made, including acts of terror (FEMA, 2009). In 1988, the Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act was passed, which launched a system wherein a Presidential disaster declaration of an emergency prompted federal financial and material assistance to be released to state and local governments. This act became known as the Federal Response Plan and FEMA has t he primary responsibility of coordinating at least 25 government and non-government agencies. The first few years of FEMA emphasized the complexity of emergency management as FEMA faced many unusual disasters and emergencies such as the contamination of Love Canal, Cuban refugee crisis and disaster at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant (FEMA, 2009). Other disasters it faced were the Loma Prieta Earthquake in 1989 and Hurricane Andrew in 1992. When James Witt became the new FEMA director in 1993, Witt instigated reforms within the agency that reorganized disaster relief and recovery operations to an all-hazards model to make it more efficient, emphasizing on preparedness and mitigation and customer service. After the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, Homeland Security Act of 2002 was passed, which required the consolidation of existing federal government emergency response plans into a single, coordinated national response plan (U.S. Congress, Cited from Lindsay, 2008, p. 3). The act also created the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) merging at least 20 agencies into a single department, including FEMA. FEMA, despite being under DHS, still maintained its authority to administer the provisions of the Stafford Act as well as its designation as the forefront agency for the countrys response plan. In December 2004, DHS issued a successor to the Federal Response Plan, entitled the National Response Plan (NRP). The NRP attempts to incorporate all levels of government in a common incident management framework (US Government Printing Office, 2009). Implemented during Hurricane Katrina, the NRP still proved to be inadequate. Nine months after Katrinas landfall, several changes were made to the NRP, which integrated the preliminary lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina. In 2008, DHS published the National Response Framework (NRF) as a guide to how the nation conducts emergency and disaster responses. The NRF replaces the 2004 NRP and revised 2006 NRP (US Government Printing Office, 2009). Federal Response to Terrorism Responding to a terrorist act, whether it involves a chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear agent or weapon, entails a wide array of complexities to state and local responders. The current system requires that local police, fire and emergency personnel first respond to the disaster (Haddow, Bullock Coppola, 2006). If the incident overpowers the capabilities of the local responders, they may turn to the state government for assistance and when it becomes too immense for the local and state responders, eventually, they turn to the federal government for assistance. Accordingly, federal agencies may assist through deployment of various teams (GAO, 2000). Figure 1: Relationship between crisis management and consequence management (Larson and Peters, 2001, p. 258) The Federal Response Plan and Terrorism Incident Annex states that the Terrorism Incident Annex endeavors to improve the nations ability to respond rapidly and decisively to terrorism directed against Americans wherever it occurs, arrest or defeat the perpetrators using all appropriate instruments against the sponsoring organizations and governments, and provide recovery relief to victims, as permitted by law (Larson Peters, 2001, p. 259) The Terrorism Incident Annex visualizes a possible flow from crisis management activities to consequence management (See figure 1). Larson and Peters (2001) indicated that the difference between crisis management and consequence management is that crisis management involves measures to identify, acquire, and plan the use of resources needed to anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve a threat or act of terrorism whereas consequence management, on the other hand, includes measures to protect public health and safety, restore essential government services , and provide emergency relief to governments, businesses, and individuals affected by the consequences of terrorism (Larson Peters, 2001, p. 257). National Response Framework Effective March 22, 2008, the National Response Framework superseded the National Response Plan. The NRF lays out the guiding principles which facilitate all response associates to prepare for and provide an integrated emergency response towards disasters and other emergencies. It institutes an all-inclusive, national, all-hazards approach to domestic incident response. The NRF defines the key principles, roles and structures that systematize how the country responds as one nation. The NRF is built upon the National Incident Management System (NIMS) which provides a standard command and management structure that directly applies to response activities. Accordingly, this system presents a reliable, national template that allows Federal, State, tribal and local governments as well as the private sector and NGOs to collaborate in the preparation, prevention, response, recovery and mitigation of the effects of the incidents regardless of its size, cause, location and/or complexity (US Go vernment Printing Office, 2009). This NRF is needed by, and incorporates under, the larger National Strategy for Homeland Security or Strategy which serves to lead, systematize and unite the countrys homeland security efforts. This strategy mirrors an improved understanding of the threats and challenges facing the United States. It integrates the different lessons learned from exercises and actual disasters. In addition, it expresses how our nation can ensure enduring success through strengthening homeland security. Furthermore, it presents a general framework through which the entire nation should direct its homeland security efforts in achieving the following goals: Prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks. Protect the American people and our critical infrastructure and key resources. Respond to and recover from incidents that do occur. Continue to strengthen the foundation to ensure our long-term success (US Government Printing Office, 2009, p. 12). The NRF is primarily concerned with the third goal which aims to respond to and recover from incidents that do occur. The Strategy necessitates an NRF that facilitates the strengthening of the foundation built for an effective national response, which swiftly evaluate rising incidents, take preliminary actions, develop operations as needed and instigate recovery actions in stabilizing the area. Furthermore, the Strategy also necessitates that the NRF be clearly written, easy to understand and designed to encompass a national scope as it meets the needs of State, local, and tribal governments and the private sector and NGOs, as well as the Federal Government. The Framework is designed to answer and support the Strategy, which must work together impeccably to national, State, tribal, and local preparedness activities. The 9/11 Attack and Emergency Procedures Implemented According to the 9/11 Commission Report (2004), the emergency response at the Pentagon was, in general, effective. The response constituted a combination of local, state and federal jurisdictions. The Arlington County Fire Department served as the incident commander, for obvious reasons on the nature of the event, whereas other agencies involved had different roles. The Department of Justice, on the other hand, became the lead federal agency in charge. Moreover, Arlington County and all bordering and surrounding jurisdictions became involved one way or another during the response procedure. The series of events of the terrorist attack started around 9:37 am when the west wall of the Pentagon was hit by a hijacked American Airlines Flight 77, a Boeing 757. Immediately, the building and the airplane was damaged, killing all 64 people in the plane and 125 people inside the Pentagon. Additionally, there were six people also seriously injured and mobilized to area hospitals. The 9/11 Commission Report justifies the success of the emergency response for three reasons. Firstly, emergency responders were able to build strong professional relationships with one another. Secondly, the Incident Command System was appropriately implemented. And lastly, there was a pursuit of a regional approach to response. Accordingly, many of the fire and police agencies involved had extensive previous experience when it came to collaborating on regional events and training exercises (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004). Several local, regional, state and federal agencies immediately responded to the incident. Along with the county fire, police and sheriffs departments, there was the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Fire Department, Fort Myer Fire Department, the Virginia State Police, the Virginia Department of Emergency Management, the FBI, FEMA, National Medical Response Team, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms and a number of military personnel from the Military District of Washington. Arlington County Emergency Communications Center also communicated with other fire departments from Fairfax County, Alexandria and the District of Columbia for further assistance with the incident. By 9:41, command was already established and the incident command post has already presented a clear picture of the crash site and how to access it. By 9:55, there was an evacuation order of the Pentagon by the incident commander because of the preliminary assessment of a collapse of the building. By 9:57, the building partially collapsed; nevertheless, no first responders were injured. By 10:15, the incident commander ordered a full evacuation of the command post because of warning that another hijacked plane is fast-approaching to the site. The 9/11 Commission Report (2004) noted that the evacuation order was well communicated and well coordinated. In fact, the 9/11 Commission Report stated that a vast number of civilians below the impact zone were able to evacuate the towers. This evacuation was facilitated significantly by the amendments made by the Port Authority in response to the 1993 bombing as well as the training of both Authority personnel and civilians after that incident. The stairwells of unaffected floors remained lighted, whereas other stairwells had glow strips to the handrails and stairs. General evacuation time was approximately less than one hour on September 11 for those who were not trapped or suffering physical disabilities, compared to almost four hours during the 1993 bombing. Nevertheless, there were many problems that arose from the incident. Challenges to which are considered as failures and lessons learned during the 9/11 attack are outlined in the succeeding section: The Challenge of Incident Command The Incident Commander is responsible for the management of the Citys response to emergency; If the incident is so multifaceted that no one agency immediately stands out as the Incident Commander, OEM will assign the role of Incident Commander to an agency as the situation demands (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004, p. 319). To some extent, the Mayors directive for incident command was implemented during the incident response as the FDNY became the lead response agency during the incident. However, the problem was that response operations lacked the type of integrated communications and unified command contemplated in the directive. According to one of the experiences of the first responders to the 9/11 attack, Almost all aspects of communication continue to be problematic, from initial notification to tactical operations. Cellular telephones were of little valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Radio channels were initially oversaturatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ pagers seemed to be the most reliable means of notification when available and used, but most firefighters are not issued pagers (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004, p. 314). Command and Control within First Responder Agencies In any kind of unified incident management system, all participants must possess command and control over its own units and sufficient internal communications. However, during the 9/11 incident, first responder agencies lacked command and control over its own unit and adequate internal communications. FDNY, for example, lacked the experience in responding to an incident like the 9/11 terrorist attack. FDNY was incompetent in organizing the number of units dispatch within the complex (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004). This may be partly caused by the breakdown of internal communications wherein their radios had limited capabilities in a high-rise environment such as that of the WTC. Moreover, there was confusion over the assignation of the different frequencies to the personnel involved. Finally, the FDNY command post died down when the South Tower collapsed, compromising the departments capability to comprehend the status of the incident response. Another example is the Port Authoritys insufficient standard operating procedures and efficient radios to facilitate multiple commands to respond effectively. Many officials while under the tunnels and airports reported that they were not able to understand instructions issued. Moreover, command and control was further complicated when senior Port Authority Police officials decided to participate in frontline rescue operations (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004). NYPD also faced some, although relatively fewer, command and control and communication issues. The department, with its extensive experience in mobilizing thousands of officers during key events necessitating crowd control, was able to adapt more easily to an immense devastating event such as that of the 9/11. However, it is unclear whether NYPD officers were fully well coordinated (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004). Lack of Coordination and Collaboration among First Responder Agencies The Commission reported that there was insufficient comprehensive coordination between NYPD, FDNY and PAPD personnel as they ascended the towers. Information sharing became a critical issue during the 9/11 attack. FDNY officials reported their difficulties in their decision-making due to insufficient information given by the NYPD aviation. NYPD aviation, prior to the collapse of the tower, had already warned at 9:51 that large pieces from the South Tower seemed to fall, which could pose considerable danger to people below. It was only after the towers collapse where FDNY received this message due to internal breakdowns in commnication. This lack of real-time intelligence resulted to more lives lost. The lack of coordination between NYPD, FDNY and PAPD was also evident in terms of searching the complex for civilians as there was redundancy in searching specific floors and areas. Radio Communication Challenges Mentioned earlier, FDNY had significant deficiencies in terms of radio communication. Three factors attributed to the ineffectiveness of communication. First, the effectiveness of communication through the radios were significantly reduced due to the high-rise environment. Second, too many units attempted to communicate to tactical channel 1 at 10:00, overwhelming the frequency. Lastly, many firefigters were on the wrong frequency whereas others simply lacked radios in general (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004). Protective Technologies The experiences of the first responders during the 9/11 rescue operation illustrated the significant deficit in terms of protection. The responders reported that their personal protective equipments (PPE) hindered their ability to do their jobs. Their overall PPE proved to be incapable of protecting them such that other equipments performed better than others. Head protection as well as high-visibility suits performed well, whereas protective clothing and respirators were not very effective. Protective clothing did not provide enough protection against biological and infectious disease hazards, heat from the fire and demanding physical environment. Moreover, the material used was not light and flexible enough to move through and fro confined spaces. Eye protection, although offering protection against direct impact, did not provide any protection to persistent dust at the site (Jackson, et al., 2002). Improvements since 9/11 Attack Perhaps one of the most significant improvements made since the 9/11 terrorist attack is the issue on airport security which involves preparation to mitigate the risks of terrorism. Airport security has become much tighter than ever (Dempsey, 2007). Travelling has become more secured as access has now been rigorously restricted. One can no longer go straight to the gates and fly. Passengers have to wait in long lines before one can actually go in, whether flying domestically or internationally. Appropriate documents must be presented and authenticated as well (i.e. passports, government issued IDs, and plane tickets). Aside from documents, people as well as their belongings have to undergo vigorous scrutiny and inspection through security screeners and X-ray machines. Dangerous items such as guns, knives, corkscrews and other sharp objects are no longer allowed to be brought inside the airports. Baggages are more frequently searched in random, whereas passengers are performed pat dow ns (Dempsey, 2007). Airplanes are also made more secure than ever, with their hardened cockpits and federal air marshals to ensure the safety of the passengers and guard terrorist acts. Endeavoring to identify possible terrorists and smugglers and prevent them and their baggage from entering the secured parts of the airport and the airplanes, airport officials conduct profiling of passengers. This system develops a personality profile of the traits of terrorists and smugglers and attempts to match the passengers to the profile. Once a passenger matched a certain terrorist or smuggler profile, he or she is detained and subjected to appropriate search and questioning (Dempsey, 2007). Furthermore, all passengers now undergo explosive detections through conducting profiling, visual and physical inspections and canine inspection wherein trained dogs are used in recognizing explosive vapors. Airports now also use different kinds of state-of-the-art x-ray machines and explosive-odor detection devices (Dempsey, 2007). Assessment of the Federal Response Framework after the 9/11 One of the major disasters that hit the country, subsequent to the 9/11 attack, was Hurricane Katrina during 2005. Four years after the terrorist attack of 9/11, the country was hit by a major hurricane. Despite efforts made on equipping the country to minimize the risks of terrorist plots, the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina illustrated how unprepared the country still is. Federal response procedures at the time, even after the 9/11 attack still proved to be inadequate and ineffective. There was lack of preparation within all levels of government (Sellnow, Ulmer, Seeger, Littlefield, 2008). In addition, there was also a lack of coordination and collaboration among the different agencies involved in the incident (Sellnow, et al., 2008). During the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, FEMA was incapable to streamlining the agencies involved and produce timely response and results (Sellnow, et al., 2008). Furthermore, there was a lack of communications and situational awareness (Sellnow, et al., 2008). Farber and Chen (2006) asserted that the problems encountered during the Hurricane Katrina response were not born and/or ended during and after Hurricane Katrina. The failures during the incident response indicate that local, state and federal government still need to work together to continuously improve the system. Conclusions The challenges of different kinds of disasters confront our country every now and then. These challenges continue to test the character and perseverance of American people. History illustrates a long line of failures in emergency management. Nevertheless, as we fail to respond appropriately towards it, we constantly learn from our mistakes and attempt to continuously improve. The 9/11 attack and Hurricane Katrina was an awakening call telling the country to be more prepared to incidents such as these. To answer whether the federal response procedures have improved since the 9/11 attack, there are certainly improvements especially in terms of securing the country from terrorist attacks. Significant changes in airport security proved to be effective in mitigating the risks of terrorism within the country. However, it should be noted that this is not enough. Further planning and training still need to be done for the country to be fully prepared.

Calculation for Calorimetry

CALCULATIONS Determining the amount Limiting Reagent used. nlimiting reagent = Molarity x Volume or Mass / Molar Mass Example: Limiting reagent is 5mL of 1. 0 M HCl nlimiting reagent = Molarity x Volume nlimiting reagent = (1. 0 [mol/L]) x 0. 005 [L]) = 0. 005 mol Determining the qrxn and qcal. qrxn + qcal = 0 -qrxn = qcal qrxn = ? Hrxn x nlimiting reagent qcal = Ccal ? T qrxn = – Ccal ? T + mcsolid ? T (note: only if there is a precipitate formed in the reaction) Examples: 1) Calibration of the calorimeter given that: ?Hrxn = -55. 8 kJ/mol and nLR = 0. 005 mol qrxn = ? Hrxn x nlimiting reagent qrxn = -55. 8 [kJ/mol] x 0. 005 [mol] = -279 J qcal = -(219 J) = 279 J (2) Determining the qrxn of a given chemical reaction: NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) ? NH4+ (aq) And given that: ? T = 3. 5 Â °C and Ccal=111. 6 J/Â °C qrxn = – Ccal ? T + mcsolid ? T qrxn = -( 111. 6 [kJ/Â °C] x 3. 5 [Â °C]) = -390. 6 J qcal = -(-390. 6 J) = 390. 6 Determining the Ccal. Ccal = qcal / ? T Example:Giv en qrxn = -279 J and ? T = 2. 5 Â °C Ccal = -qrxn / ? T Ccal = -(-279 J) / (2. 5 Â °C) = 111. 6 J/Â °C Determining the experimental ? Hrxn. ?Hrxn = qrxn / nLR Example: Given: NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) ? NH4+ (aq) With qrxn = -390. 6 J and nLR = 0. 005 mol ?Hrxn = qrxn / nLR ?Hrxn = -390. 6 J / 0. 005 mol = -78. 1 kJ/mol Determining the theoretical ? Hrxn. ?Hrxn = ? nproductHÂ °f product – ? nreactantHÂ °f reactant Example: Given that: NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) ? NH4+ (aq) Substance? HÂ °f (kJ/mol) NH3 (aq)-80. 9 H+ (aq)0. 00 NH4+ (aq)-132. 51 ?Hrxn = ? nproductHÂ °f product – ? nreactantHÂ °f reactant ? Hrxn = {-132. 51 kJ/mol}-{-80. 29 kJ/mol} = ?Hrxn = -52. 2 kJ/mol Determining the %error. %error = (|? Hexperimental – ? Htheoretical|) / (? Htheoretical) x 100% Example: Given: ? Hexperimental = -78. 1 kJ/mol and ? Htheoretical = -52. 2 kJ/mol %error = |(? Hexperimental – ? Htheoretical) / (? Htheoretical) | x 100% %error = |(-78. 1 kJ/mol) – (-52. 2 kJ/ mol) / -52. 2 kJ/mol| x 100% = 49. 6 %

What Is Responsibility of Accounting

According to allbusiness. com, responsibility accounting is defined as a â€Å"collection, summarization, and reporting of financial information about various decision centers (responsibility centers) throughout an organization† (allbusiness. com). The article also explains that responsibility accounting helps an organization trace costs, revenues and profits to the individual managers who are responsible for decision making. Responsibility accounting also measures performance of each manager in regards to how he or she manages these costs, revenues, and profits. I am not sure if my company uses responsibility accounting; however, I will assume the company does due to its many departments. Our company has a research department that I would assume is a cost center. The company also has a cost center for each region to keep track of all costs related to the spending of office materials, travel expenses, and administrative costs. The profit centers within our company is our sales departments and brand team departments. Each brand team deals with different categories of medications. Examples of the different brand team departments are, cardiovascular brand team, the respiratory brand team, the oncology brand team, and the CNS brand team. The different brand teams have different managers who are responsible for the budgets, calculating ROI and implementing appropriate costing systems. As mentioned in an article in MAAW online, the advantages to responsibility accounting within the company I am employed by fit the reasons explained below. â€Å"Provides a way to manage an organization that would otherwise be unmanageable. † * â€Å"Assigning responsibility to lower level managers allows higher level managers to pursue other activities such as long term planning and policy making. † * â€Å"Provides a way to motivate lower level managers and workers. Managers and workers in an individualistic system tend to be motivated by measurements that emphasize their individual performances† (MAAW, 2010).

How Disability Has Changed Over Time Essay - 2183 Words

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