Marketing Strategies Of Aldi And Waitrose - 1277 Words

Introduction to Marketing Unit 3: Marketing Assignment 1: Marketing Strategies Tutor: Sara Little Describe how marketing techniques are used to market products in two different organisations. By Ben Thorpe Contents 1) Title Page 2) Contents 3) Introduction 4) ALDI 5) ALDI 6) ALDI 7) Waitrose 8) Waitrose 9) Mind Map 10) References (Harvard Referencing Style) (Please note: Task 1, 3 4 have been combined together into one report. Task 2 is separate and can be found on page 9) Introduction This report will examine, compare and evaluate the marketing strategies of both Aldi and Waitrose supermarket chains. The report is divided into 9 pages with no appendices attached. Harvard referencing has been used throughout the report(s). Aldi’s Survival Strategies The three core values of Aldi are simplicity, consistency and responsibility Aldi’s Marketing Mix Aldi’s mix focuses on providing high quality products that are cheaper alternatives to famous brands. Aldi’s marketing mix therefore focuses on: †¢ Product – high quality ‘Like Brands’. †¢ Price – Aldi offers lower prices than its competitors without compromising on quality. †¢ Place – Aldi outlets are expanding globally. †¢ Promotions – Aldi uses a combination of above-the-line and below-the-line promotions with a focus on its ‘Like Brands’ and ‘Swap Save’ campaigns. Aldi’s Branding Aldi has had a massive marketing campaign in place since 2014, this campaign is called ‘Like Brands’Show MoreRelatedEffect Of The Sugar Tax On Consumer s Demand1741 Words   |  7 Pagesnational strategy to tackle childhood obesity. However, Paul Polman, Unilever’s boss argues that there is little evidence that proves a sugar tax would help tackle obesity (The guardian, 2016a). I will analyze the effect of the sugar tax on consumer’s demand. I will also analyze Unilever’s actions as a result of this deliberation. Story 3 After suffering their worst dip in Christmas sales since 2006, Waitrose is launching a value-focused campaign against its budget rivals Lidl and Aldi. The â€Å"PickRead MoreAldi Marketing Mix1926 Words   |  8 PagesALDI Introduction In increasingly competitive markets, consumers have a greater choice over where they buy their goods and services. For an organisation to meet its business objectives, it has to find out what consumers require and then identify the best way in which it can satisfy these needs and wants. Creating a competitive advantage can be difficult. A unique marketing strategy with clear objectives is vital to ensure effective promotional activity. Since opening its first store in 1913, AldiRead MoreLidl- Integrated Marketing Campaign4088 Words   |  17 PagesMiddlesex University , BA Marketing LIDL Integrated Marketing Campaign MKT2232 Branding and Integrated Marketing Communications Module leader: Moustafa Battor Students | Name | Student Number | | Nils Wurl | M00367256 | | Mihaela Palca | M00378081 | | Maedh Marsha Zambrano | M00384704 | | Sara-Sofia Broberg | M00373321 | Seminar tutor | Dinesh Nanayakkara | Time | Monday | 1pm to 2pm | Content 1. Introduction 3 2. Situational Analysis Read MoreThe success of Aldi1904 Words   |  8 PagesExecutive summary This report presents a business case study of Aldi, to examine both internal and external factors that drive Aldi to the current successful position in the UK highly competitive grocery market. The report contains the PESTLE, which analyses external factors affecting Aldi’s business strategy. Furthermore, the report will discuss the essential business strategies; include the cost-leadership and price strategy, which helps Aldi to obtain competitive advantages. In addition, the reportRead MoreTesco s Success At Tesco Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesbillionaire investor sold 245 million shares after stating that his decision to ever invest in Tesco was â€Å"a huge mistake†. Before the downfall, they had always made a commitment to their customers with consumer research and being loyal as their number one marketing priority. The Telegraph commented on Tesco by saying that they were â€Å"transformed into the market leader in the UK – with more than 30pc market share – by being able to respond to the demands of its customers.† While analysts wonder if the dominanceRead MoreInternal And Internal Analysis Of Tesco1721 Words   |  7 Pagescompany that must have at least  £50,000 of share capital and has its shares traded on the stock market†, therefore Tesco can have greater capital source and shareholders in their business. As the external and internal analysis are very useful for marketing a large enterprise, this essay will explore both external and internal analysis that Tesco has been performed. First, it will define and outline the importance of SWOT and PESTLE. Then, it will examine the Strengths and Weaknesses of Tesco. NextRead More1. Based on the Case Study and Your Own Research on Competitors, Summarize the Strategic Approaches Which Have Helped Tesco.Com Achieve Success Online.1599 Words   |  7 Pagestrade) 2. Asda (13.36%) 3. Asda @t home 10.13% (17.1%) 4. Sainsburys (8.42%) 5. Tesco wine warehouse, 8.19% 6. Sainsburys to you 5.86% (15.9%) 7. Waitrose.com 3.42% (3.6%) 8. Ocado 3.32% (owned by Waitrose, 3.6%) 9. Lidl 2.49% (1.8%) 10. Aldi-UK 2.10% (2.3%) Some companies are repeated since both their main site and the online shopping site are reported on separately. Asda.com now seems to be performing in a consistent manner online to its offline presence. HoweverRead More1. Based on the Case Study and Your Own Research on Competitors, Summarize the Strategic Approaches Which Have Helped Tesco.Com Achieve Success Online.1591 Words   |  7 Pagesretail trade) 2. Asda (13.36%) 3. Asda @t home 10.13% (17.1%) 4. Sainsburys (8.42%) 5. Tesco wine warehouse, 8.19% 6. Sainsburys to you 5.86% (15.9%) 7. Waitrose.com 3.42% (3.6%) 8. Ocado 3.32% (owned by Waitrose, 3.6%) 9. Lidl 2.49% (1.8%) 10. Aldi-UK 2.10% (2.3%) Some companies are repeated since both their main site and the online shopping site are reported on separately. Asda.com now seems to be performing in a consistent manner online to its offline presence. HoweverRead MoreMacro and Micro Environmental Analysis of Waitrose Supermarkets8828 Words   |  36 PagesWAITROSE ASSIGNMENT INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING MARKET RESEARCH CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------- MACRO ENVIRONMENT POLITICAL ---------------------------------------------- ECONOMICAL ------------------------------------------- SOCIAL ------------------------------------------------- TECHONOLGICAL---------------------------------------- ENVIRONMENTAL---------------------------------------- MICRO ENVIRONMENT SUPPLIERS---------------------------------------------- Read MorePestel Analysis of Aldi2495 Words   |  10 PagesPESTEL Analysis Porter’s five forces – ALDI You are here: Home ï„… Business ï„… PESTEL Analysis Porter’s five forces – ALDI ï  ³ 1.0 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS: PESTEL FRAMEWORK 1.1 Political Factors Aldi, short for â€Å"Albrecht Discount†, operating in a globalized environment with stores all around the UK. It is a German multinational headquartered in Essen (reference). Hence Aldi’s performance is highly influenced by the political and legislative conditions of these countries, including

The Media For Making Girls And Women - 876 Words

This film blames the media for making girls and women feel that their value is in their bodies only, and for keeping them from taking up leadership positions. Do you think the media is totally at fault, or are there also social and political factors that contribute to this as well? Explain. I do not think the media is entirely to blame for the way that women see themselves and their means of value in the world. I think the value placed on appearance is partly ingrained in our base instincts. For men, finding the best mate is about being strong or wealthy, a protector and provider. For women, it is more about being pretty, good genes to pass on to offspring. Throughout the eons, long before the media came into play, there have been different ideas about what constitutes beauty. But in all great art and forms, the subjects portrayed have been in what that time period viewed as beautiful. Women want to be valued, and value lies in appearance, and to a point, always has. In addition, I think there are social factors that contribute to women’s status in society. In my psychology class, we studied that women do not dress up for men, they dress to impress other women. If women wanted to dress to impress men, we would walk around naked. Instead, we go out with Gucci purses and M.A.C makeup. Most men I have met could not care less about brands and expensive makeup. It is other girls who care. We dress up to be accepted into the fold. Even mothers and female friends will policeShow MoreRelatedGender Bias - Mountains On The Playing Field Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pageshas changed since the 20th century. We’ve gone from women strictly being classified as housewives to women being discriminated against in leadership positions. Much of the discrimination that women face is closely related to issues surrounding body image. What we cannot forget in the year 2014 is who control the ideas that we have about women and leadership: the media. The misr epresentation of women’s power and influence in the media cause many women to have low self-esteem about and can cause themRead MoreMedia Has Too Much Pressure On Girls1169 Words   |  5 Pagesonly about eighty pounds. What gave her and other young girls this idea that to be pretty you also have to be thin? Many believe it is the media (â€Å"Thought I Was Fat and Ugly†). That media could be television, advertising, or magazines. The media has put too much pressure on girls to have â€Å"perfect† bodies because of how much television we watch, companies using models that are much smaller than the average American woman, and many young girls are not satisfied with their bodies. Not only the imagesRead MoreThe Rise of Enlightened Sexism622 Words   |  3 PagesThe rise of enlightened sexism: How pop culture took us from girl power to girls gone wild Douglas’ humorous and well informed way of writing really inspired me. From examples of magazines, media, television shows, films, retail, and even in music she described and compared to us what is going on among these examples and how real women today are really living their lives. Douglas presents an analysis of how women are presented to the public and how we continue to be treated as inferior to men despiteRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesHollywood controls most entertainment media consumed by people all around the world. The messages and images portrayed in movies and television shows created by the large production companies affect all those who partake of the media they produce. Entertainment media can be uplifting and enjoyable, however, media normalizes damaging gender norms for men and women. Gender norms are rules believed to govern how the different sexes should look and act. People develop these behaviors by observingRead MoreMedia And The Criminal Justice System979 Words   |  4 Pageshomophobic man, whom was clearly the one at fault. These women were never given a fair chance to be proven innocent. From the very beginning, injustices were seen from all angles including the police, media and the criminal justice system. These groups incorporated essentialism to emphasize their intersectional identities to create a fearful and hostile environment, which lead to a biased trial. In the film, essentialism is depicted negatively through media and the actions of the police. Essentialism is theRead MoreMedia Portrayal Of Gender Stereotypes1268 Words   |  6 Pages Gender stereotyping is usually used in media to improve character traits and create humorous circumstances. When stereotypes are present in popular television shows, audience assume those messages of gender, making it difficult to counter stereotypical behavior. This paper emphasis on gender roles in popular media and it’s important for analysts and educators to identify stereotypical interpretations. Using feminist theory, media depictions can be understood and studied as learningRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On Our Young Girls And Women1363 Words   |  6 Pageshostility and degradation towards women. It does not matter whether the advertisement is directed at men or women, boys or girls. It may be overt or it may be subtle, but there seems to always be an underlying the me of pervasive sexuality and enmity. The mental, emotional, and social impact ofthese advertisements may be adversely affecting our young girls and women of today. The effects of advertising have gone beyond persuading women to just buy products. â€Å"These media messages link thinness with loveRead MoreMoral Standards And Stricter Photo Shopping Rules1310 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy informs that â€Å"40% of all 9 and 10-year-old girls have already been on a diet† (Weight Modification Efforts). This statistic is heartbreaking. It shows just how far down a path of perversion our society has come. As a culture, we have put emphasis on this â€Å"ideal beauty† and that is practically all the media portrays. The media is now a major part of society and the lives of our children, and has an increasingly alarming influence; young girls seeming to be the most impressionable and willingRead MoreTeenage Girls and Body Image Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage girls are at an impressionable time in their lives. Mass Media is a key idea in one of the factors of socialization that become important to teenagers. Teenagers look to the media for a sense of entertainment. Whether it is movies, magazines, or even some aspects of social media, teenagers get a lot of influence from the media’s message. The problem with this is the media has a specific way of doing things and can be negative to a susceptible teenage girl. Media’s way of portraying a womanRead MoreWhat If I Just Lost Weight Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pagesweight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  says most girls once in their life. Woman are constantly putting their bodies through awful diets and harsh workouts, just to become perfect in someone else eyes. Woman and young girls see figures of other women with a double zero pants size and ask â€Å"why can’t I look like that?† Today society puts too much pressure on young women to have the perfect body. What society needs to say is all women are beautiful, there is no such thing as the perfect body. Today, women are putting down other

Business Comparison Of Mail Communications New Technologies Have Alway Essay Example For Students

Business Comparison Of Mail Communications New Technologies Have Alway Essay s allowed us to do things faster, more efficiently, and more professionally than ever before. Generally, every new technology is a step forward for speed and productivity. But, despite this paradigm, the coming of the latest mail communications innovation has brought many pros and cons with the package. Electronic mail could be the greatest thing since sliced bread, but there are many who find flaws in it. We are now going to take a moment to compare the speed, ease, reliability, and expense of electronic mail with our general postal system. The speed of transfer is an important part of the decision to send mail by either protocol. E-mail has a distinct advantage in this category. With the click of a button, your message will be received in a period of 5 to 30 seconds. Whether you are sending e-mail to a person across the street or in Afghanistan, the transfer rate is virtually the same. Also, data files and computer applications can be sent via e-mail; however, large files will slow upload download time even though they are sent in seconds. Unfortunately, physical packages such as gifts or magazines cannot be attached to e-mail. On the other side of the spectrum, the postal service can send any kind of physical package, from a magazine to a pool table, for a price proportional to its size. The postal service can also transfer data if it is placed on a disk or a CD-ROM. Speed, however, is a problem. Even the smallest letter takes from two days to two weeks to deliver, depending on the locations of the sender and the receiver. Even sending a letter to the house across the street takes time due to unnecessary movement. The mail is taken to the nearest large post office, sorted there, then delivered to the post office closest to the destination, and delivered from there. In other words, mail that is sent across town sometimes has to travel out of town and back again to reach the final point.Another variable aspect of the two mail systems is ease-of-use, which can potentially be quite costly. E-mail has many disadvantages when viewed from this angle. For one thing, e-mail requires some knowledge of computer operation. Anyone who wishes to use e-mail needs to know how to use the software that it requires, and one can only send e-mail to other people with the same knowledge. Secondly, a computer with various equipment is needed. Hardware includes: motherboard with processor ($300+), hard drive ($100-$200), four megs RAM ($60), video card ($80-$200), fax modem ($50-$200), and monitor keyboard ($200-$450). The e-mail user also has to pay a monthly fee on his e-mail internet account, generally ranging from $8 to $25 per month, whether the account is used or not. The only financial advantage to this system is that postage stamps are not required. General mail differs in that the only knowledge required is literacy, and the only equipment that is needed is an envelope ($.03) and a stamp ($.32). No monthly fee is levied on mail users, and anyone can send and receive mail. These facts show that, in terms of expense, the Postal Service has an edge on E-mail. Finally, we will review the reliability of each system. Because e-mail is run by a computer network, human error is impossible. Consequently, e-mail is always transferred to the correct address; it never is lost, stolen, and its contents are never removed. Unfortunately, since humans do operate the servers that transfer the messages, server operators have the power to read mail that is passing through. They also can copy files that are attached to messages, though the messages and files themselves are not damaged in any way. The old method of mail, on the other hand, has even more problems. .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .postImageUrl , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:hover , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:visited , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:active { border:0!important; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:active , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Metamorphosis: Gregor Was An Unselfish Person Essay First, since humans deliver the envelopes, error is not uncommon. Letters have been delivered to the wrong address on numerous occasions; checks and other items have been stolen out of packages by dishonest postal workers. In short, both e-mail and our traditional mail service are unsafe.After viewing all of the details of each system, a declaration that either protocol is better than the other would be sophomoric. Each has its pros and cons. E-mail may be faster, but it is much more expensive. Mail may be easy to use, but it is slow. Each individual must choose which system fits his needs and is most comfortable for him. The healthy competition between the two creates a better product selection for all of us.

Music Sensorship Essays (235 words) - Viacom Media Networks, MTV

MTV Everyone remembers Michael Jackson's red leather jacket covered with zippers and the sexy style of Madonna. MTV, or music television, nationally publicizes these images and entertainers, and others like them. The station also promotes an idealized teen lifestyle, reflecting the images of these famous artists, that contrasts with the realities of the Generation X lifestyle. While some view the station as illustrated radio or an entertainment network for viewers' pleasure, others more accurately assess it as an advertising enterprise that endorses products and promotes attitudes. The advertisements that are both hidden in videos and placed in regular slots, influence viewers. Whether or not MTV critics agree with these messages that the network sends out, it has become a huge franchise generating large profits and great popularity. During the 1980's, MTV grew from being strictly a music video station to an original, three-station network that became the choice of several generations of viewers and the advertisers who court them. MTV's entertainment, commercialism, and messages satisfy and influence many types of viewers, giving them a healthy sense of group identity. In 1981, MTV became one of the first stations to be able to appeal to such a populous audience as the twelve to twenty-four year old age group. The chief operating officer of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment Company (WASEC) felt that there was a body of young people being ignored, hence the company de...

Competition And Usage Rate In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essays

Competition And Usage Rate In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essays Competition And Usage Rate In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essay Competition And Usage Rate In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essay Essay Topic: Competition The Hospitality industry consists of wide class of Fieldss within the service industry includes housing, eating houses, event planning, subject Parkss and transit, sail line and extra Fieldss within the touristry industry. The cordial reception industry is a several billion dollar industry that largely depends on the handiness of leisure clip and disposable income. A cordial reception unit such a eating house, hotel or even or amusement park consists of multiple groups such as installation care, direct operations ( serves, housekeepers, porters, kitchen, workers, barmans ) direction, selling and human resources. The cordial reception industry covers a broad scope of organisations offering nutrient service adjustment. The Hospitality industry is divided into sectors harmonizing to the skill-sets required for the work involved. Sectors include adjustment, nutrient and drink, meeting and events, bet oning amusement and diversion, touristry services and visitant information. Competition A ; Usage Rate Use rate is of import variable for the cordial reception industry. Just as mill proprietor would wish to hold his or her productive plus in usage as much possible ( as opposed to holding wage fixed costs while the mill is nt bring forthing ) so do eating houses, hotels, and subject Parkss seek to maximise so figure of client they procedure in all sectors. This led to information of services with the purpose to increase usage rate provided by hotel consolidators. Information about required or offered merchandises is brokered on concern webs used by sellers every bit good as purchases. In sing assorted industries, Barriers to entry by fledglings and competitory advantages between current participants are really of import. Among their things, cordial reception industry participants find advantage in old authoritative ( location ) initial and on-going investing support ( reflected in the material care of installations and the luxuries located in this ) and peculiar subjects adopted by the selling arm of the organisation in inquiry ( such as eating house called the 51st combatant group that has a WW2 subject in music and other environmental facets. ) Very of import is besides the features of the forces working direct contact with the clients. The genuinely, professionalism and existent concern for the felicity and good being of the clients that is communicated by successful organisations is a clear competitory advantage. Adjustment Hotels A hotel is an constitution that provides paid lodging on a short clip footing adjustment, in clip yesteryear, dwelling merely of a room with a bed, a closet, a little tabular array and a wash-hand stand has mostly been replaced by suites with modem installations, including ensuite bathrooms and air conditioning or clime control. Extra common characteristics found in hotel suites are telephone, an dismay clock, a telecasting, a safe, a mini saloon with bite nutrients and drinks and installations for doing tea and java. Luxury characteristics include bathrobes and slippers, a pillow bill of fare, twin-sink amour propres, and Jacuzzi bathing tub. Larger hotel may supply extra invitee installations such a eating house, swimming pool, fittingness centre, concern centre, child care, conference installations and societal map services. Hotel suites are normally numbered ( or named in some smaller hotels and B A ; Bs ) to let invitees to place their room. Some hotel offer repasts as portion of a room and board agreement. In the United Kingdom, a hotel is required by jurisprudence to function nutrient and drinks to all invitees within certain declared hours. In a Japan, capsule hotels provide a minimized sum of room spaced and shared installations. Motels A motel is designed for automobilists and normally has a parking country for motor vehicles. The term motel in the United States can be considered slightly out-of-date and few motel ironss still exist ( Motel 6 and Superb 8 are two of the most popular still in being. Motels peaked in popularity in the sixtiess with auto lifting auto travel. In the twelvemonth 2000, the American hotel Association removed motel from its name after considerable market research and is now the American Hotel and Lodging Association. The Association felt that the term Lodging more accurately reflects the big assortment of different manner hotels, including luxury and dress shop hotels, suites, hostel, budget and extended stay hotels. Entering lexicons after universe 11, the universe Entering lexicons after World War II, the word motel, a blend of motor and hotel or automobilists hotel, referred ab initio to a type of hotel consisting of a individual edifice of connected suites whose doors faced a parking batch and, in some fortunes, a common country ; or a series of little cabins with common parking. As the United States main road system began to develop in the 1920, long distance route journeys became more common and the demand for cheap, easy accessible nightlong adjustment sited close to the chief paths, led to the growing of the motel construct. Hotel Manager A Hotel director or hotelkeeper is a individual who holds a direction business within a hotel, motel, or resort constitution. Management rubrics and responsibilities vary by company. In some hotels the title hotel director or hotelkeeper may entirely be referred to the General Manager of the hotel. Small hotels may hold a little direction squad consisting of merely two or three directors while larger hotels may frequently hold a big direction squad dwelling of assorted sections and divisions. General Manager General Manager ( sometimes abbreviated GM ) is a descriptive term for certain executives in a concern operation. It is besides a formal rubric held by some concern executives, most normally in the cordial reception industry. Planing Planning is the first tool of the four maps in the direction procedure. The difference between a successful and unsuccessful director lies within the planning process. Planning is the logical thought through ends and doing the determination as to what needs to be accomplished in order to make the organisations aims. Directors use this procedure to program for the hereafter, like a design to anticipate jobs, make up ones mind on the actions to hedge hard issues and to crush the competition. Planning is the first measure in direction and is indispensable as it facilitates control, valuable in determination devising and in the turning away of concern ruin. Wyeth has a planetary vision to take the manner to better wellness. Employees at Wyeth are committed to excellence and through Wyeth s clearly written Mission and Vision Statement, Wyeth must populate by its values which clarify the company s aims and ends. Quality in the consequences that are achieved and how the consequences are reached making what is right, esteem for others, value those that lead and take pride in all they do, and the value of teamwork to make common ends. The uninterrupted usage of a program is imperative as Wyeth has divisions throughout the universe. Planing allows Wyeth to be at the top of the pharmaceutical industry and a healthcare leader. Forming In order to make the aim outlined in the planning procedure, structuring the work of the organisation is a critical concern. Organization is a affair of naming persons to assignments or duties that blend together to develop one intent, to carry through the ends. These ends will be reached in conformity with the company s values and processs. A director must cognize their subsidiaries and what they are capable of in order to form the most valuable resources a company has, its employees. This is achieved through direction staffing the work division, puting up the preparation for the employees, geting resources, and forming the work group into a productive squad. The director must so travel over the programs with the squad, interrupt the assignments into units that one individual can finish, associate related occupations together in an apprehensible well-organized manner and name the occupations to persons. Organization is strong at Wyeth with the ability to be flexible, except alterati on and hunt for new merchandises, Wyeth s leading provides needful way for staff to accomplish personal success that leads to organisational success. Directors at Wyeth are responsible for maintaining communicating lines open between sections to extinguish any issues from organizing. Wyeth would non be a healthcare leader if there was small or no organisation. Leading Organizational success is determined by the quality of leading that is exhibited. A leader can be a director, but a director is non needfully a leader, says Gemmy Allen ( 1998 ) . Leadership is the power of persuasion of one individual over others to animate actions towards accomplishing the ends of the company. Those in the leading function must be able to act upon / motivate workers to an elevated end and direct themselves to the responsibilities or duties assigned during the planning procedure. Leadership involves the interpersonal feature of a director s place that includes communicating and close contact with squad members. Directors at Wyeth are at that place to actuate workers to carry through the ends of the company and out-perform their rivals. They as leaders have twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours reach with workers utilizing unfastened communicating and are able to give way separately every bit good as within squads, sections and divisions. Management is at that place to animate subsidiaries to step up to the home base and happen advanced agencies to work out section jobs. Authorizing staff to hold the capableness to cover with state of affairss is a important portion of taking. Controling The procedure that guarantees programs are being implemented decently is the commanding procedure. Gemmy Allen stated that Controlling is the concluding nexus in the functional concatenation of direction activities and brings the maps of direction rhythm full circle. This allows for the public presentation criterion within the group to be set and communicated. Control allows for easiness of deputing undertakings to team members and as directors may be held accountable for the public presentation of subsidiaries, they may be wise to widen timely feedback of employee achievements. Department meetings are daily at Wyeth. Meetings are used to reexamine the day-to-day agenda, prevent jobs and to determine when jobs do be in order to turn to and work out those that occur as rapidly and every bit expeditiously as possible. Control is the procedure through which criterions for public presentation of people and procedures are set, communicated, and applied. Controls are placed on Wyeth employees by necessitating the completion of day-to-day duties and attachment to Wyeth s SOP s and guidelines, by perchance taking disciplinary action when necessary. Directors and supervisors are given work public presentation ratings that are a signifier of control as it connects public presentation appraisals to wagess and disciplinary actions. Measuring employees is a continual procedure that takes topographic point on a regular basis within the company. Importance of Management Planning The four maps of direction planning, forming, taking and commanding, presume a great worth in the success of any concern every twenty-four hours. In all organisations, each employee s single part to the success of the company is of tremendous importance as the company s ends would non be met and success would non be reached. Even with room for betterment, Wyeth has the appropriate maps of direction in place to be a long-run success.

History of Newspapers In America

History of Newspapers In America The rise of newspapers in America accelerated enormously throughout the 19th century. When the century began, newspapers, generally in the larger cities and towns, tended to be affiliated with political factions or particular politicians. And while newspapers had influence, the reach of the press was fairly narrow. By the 1830s the newspaper business began to expand rapidly. Advances in printing technology meant newspapers could reach more people, and the introduction of the penny press meant that just about anyone, including newly arrived immigrants, could buy and read the news. By the 1850s the American newspaper industry came to be dominated by legendary editors, including Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune, James Gordon Bennett of the New York Herald, and Henry J. Raymond, of the upstart New York Times. Major cities, and many large towns, began to boast high-quality newspapers. By the time of the Civil War, the publics appetite for news was enormous. And newspaper publishers responded by sending war correspondents to the battlefronts. Extensive news would fill newspaper pages after major battles, and many worried families came to rely on newspapers for casualty lists. By the end of the 19th century, after a period of slow yet steady growth, the newspaper industry was suddenly energized by the tactics of two dueling editors, Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. The two men, engaging in what became known as Yellow Journalism, fought a circulation war that made newspapers a vital part of everyday American life. As the 20th century dawned, newspapers were read in nearly all American homes, and, without the competition from radio and television, enjoyed a period of great business success. The Partisan Era, 1790s-1830s In the early years of the United States, newspapers tended to have small circulation for several reasons. Printing was slow and tedious, so for technical reasons no one publisher could generate enormous numbers of issues. The price of newspapers tended to exclude many common people. And while Americans tended to be literate, there simply werent the large number of readers that would come later in the century. Despite all that, newspapers were felt to have profound influence on the early years of the federal government. The main reason was that newspapers were often the organs of political factions, with articles and essays essentially making the cases for political action. Some politicians were known to be connected with specific newspapers. For instance, Alexander Hamilton was a founder of the New York Post (which still exists today, after changing ownership and direction many times during more than two centuries). In 1783, eight years before Hamilton founded the Post, Noah Webster, who would later publish the first American dictionary, began publishing the first daily newspaper in New York City, the American Minerva. Websters newspaper was essentially an organ of the Federalist Party. The Minerva only operated for a few years, but it was influential and inspired other newspapers that followed. Up through the 1820s the publication of newspapers generally had some political affiliation. The newspaper was the way politicians communicated with constituents and voters. And while the newspapers carried accounts of newsworthy events, the pages were often filled with letters expressing opinions. Its worth noting that newspapers circulated widely across early America, and it was common for publishers to reprint stories which had been published in distant cities and towns. It was also common for newspapers to publish letters from travelers who had just arrived from Europe and who could relate the foreign news. The highly partisan era of newspapers continued well into the 1820s, when campaigns waged by candidates John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson played out on the pages of newspapers. Vicious attacks, such as in the controversial elections of 1824 and 1828, were carried in newspapers which were essentially controlled by candidates. The Rise of City Newspapers, 1830s-1850s In the 1830s newspapers transformed into publications devoted more to news of current events than outright partisanship. As printing technology allowed faster printing, newspapers could expand beyond the traditional four-page folio. And to fill the newer eight-page newspapers, content expanded beyond letters from travelers and political essays to more reporting (and the hiring of writers whose job was to go about the city and report on the news). A major innovation of the 1830s was simply lowering the price of a newspaper: when most daily newspapers cost a few cents, working people and especially new immigrants tended not to buy them. But an enterprising New York City printer, Benjamin Day, began publishing a newspaper, The Sun, for a penny. Suddenly anyone could afford a newspaper, and reading the paper every morning became a routine in many parts of America. And the newspaper industry got a huge boost from technology when the telegraph began to be used in the mid-1840s. Era of Great Editors, the 1850s Two major editors, Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune, and James Gordon Bennett of the New York Herald, began competing in the 1830s. Both editors were known for strong personalities and controversial opinions, and their newspapers reflected that. At the same time, William Cullen Bryant, who first came to public attention as a poet, was editing the New York Evening Post. In 1851, an editor who had worked for Greeley, Henry J. Raymond, began publishing the New York Times, which was seen as an upstart without any strong political direction.   The 1850s was a critical decade in American history. The split over slavery was about to tear the country apart. And the Whig Party, which had been the breeding ground of editors such as Greeley and Raymond, disintegrated over the slavery issue. The great national debates were, of course, followed close, and also influenced, by powerful editors such as Bennett and Greeley. A rising politician, Abraham Lincoln, recognized the value of newspapers. When he came to New York City to deliver his address at Cooper Union in early 1860, he knew the speech could put him on the road to the White House. And he made sure that his words got into the newspapers, even reportedly visiting the office of the New York Tribune after delivering his speech. The Civil War When the Civil War erupted the newspapers, especially in the North, responded quickly. Writers were hired to follow the Union troops, following a precedent set in the Crimean War by a British citizen considered the first war correspondent, William Howard Russell. The pages of newspapers soon filled up with news from Washington as the government prepared for war. And during the Battle of Bull Run, in the summer of 1861, a number of correspondents accompanied the Union Army. When the battle turned against the federal forces, the newspapermen were among those who hurried back to Washington in a chaotic retreat. As the war continued, the coverage of news became professionalized. Correspondents followed the armies and wrote very detailed accounts of battles which were widely read. For instance, following the Battle of Antietam, the pages of Northern newspapers carried lengthy accounts which often contained vivid details of the fighting. A staple of Civil War era newspapers, and perhaps the most vital public service, was the publication of casualty lists. After every major action newspapers would publish many columns listing the soldiers who had been killed or wounded. In one famous instance, the poet Walt Whitman saw his brothers name on a casualty list published in a New York newspapers following the Battle of Fredericksburg. Whitman hurried to Virginia to find his brother, who turned out to be only slightly wounded. The experience of being in the army camps led Whitman to become a volunteer nurse in Washington, D.C., and to write occasional newspaper dispatches on war news. The Calm Following the Civil War The decades following the Civil War were relatively calm for the newspaper business. The great editors of earlier eras, Greeley, Bennett, Bryant, and Raymond passed away. The new crop of editors tended to be very professional, but they did not generate the fireworks that earlier newspaper reader had come to expect. Technological changes, especially the Linotype machine, meant that newspapers could publish larger editions with more pages. The popularity of athletics in the late 1800s meant newspapers began having pages devoted to sports coverage. And the laying of undersea telegraph cables meant that news from very distant places could be seen by newspaper readers with shocking speed. For instance, when the distant volcanic island of Krakatoa exploded in 1883, news traveled by undersea cable to the Asian mainland, then to Europe, and then via transatlantic cable to New York City. Readers of New Yorks newspapers were seeing reports of the massive disaster with a day, and even more detailed reports of the devastation appeared in the following days. The Arrival of the Linotype Ottmar Mergenthaler was the German-born inventor of the linotype, an innovative printing system that revolutionized the newspaper industry in the late 19th century. Before Mergenthalers invention, printers had to set type one character at a time in a laborious and time-consuming process. The linotype, so called because it set a line of type at once, greatly sped up the printing process. Though Mergenthalers mechanical genius greatly changed 19th century newspapers, he had a number of problems in business. Within a few years of linotype machines becoming standard equipment at major American newspapers, Mergenthaler resigned from the company that made them. Though he was ultimately embittered, there is no doubt that his innovative technology changed the news business. Before the linotype, daily newspapers were restricted in how many changes they could make if they published more than one edition in a day. And simply because of the labor intensive nature of setting type, daily newspapers seldom extended beyond eight pages. Mergenthalers machine made multiple editions easier to routinely produce editions of 12 or 16 pages. With extra space available in daily editions, innovative publishers could pack their papers with large amounts of news which previously may have gone unreported. The Great Circulation Wars In the late 1880s the newspaper business received a jolt when Joseph Pulitzer, who had been publishing a successful newspaper in St. Louis, bought a paper in New York City. Pulitzer suddenly transformed the news business by focusing on news that he thought would appeal to common people. Crime stories and other sensational subjects were the focus of his New York World. And vivid headlines, written by a staff of specialized editors, pulled in readers. Pulitzers newspaper was a great success in New York. And in the mid-1890s he suddenly got a competitor when William Randolph Hearst, who had spent money from his familys mining fortune on a San Francisco newspaper a few years earlier, moved to New York City and bought the New York Journal. A spectacular circulation war broke out between Pulitzer and Hearst. There had been competitive publishers before, of course, but nothing like this. The sensationalism of the competition became known as Yellow Journalism. The high point of Yellow Journalism became the headlines and exaggerated stories which encouraged the American public to support the Spanish-American War. At Centurys End As the 19th century ended, the newspaper business had grown enormously since the days when one-man newspapers printed hundreds, or at most thousands, of issues. Americans became a nation addicted to newspapers, and in the era before broadcast journalism, newspapers were a considerable force in public life.

Multiple myeloma and the pathways associated with it and TGF-B. see Research Paper

Multiple myeloma and the pathways associated with it and TGF-B. see discription of project - Research Paper Example These cells are also characterized by the somatic hyper mutation of the Ig genes extensively. The Multiple myeloma (MM) cells have 1- 3% of the cycling cells with a low rate of proliferation. (Kuehl and Bergsagel, 2012). MM leads to immune deficiency, renal dysfunction, anemia and bone lesions. In United States, its incidence level is at the rate of 20000 per year and records as the second hematopoietic malignancy. Though there is no cure for this disease yet, the survival rate has increased from 3 years to 6 years. (Kuehl and Bergsagel, 2012). The International system of staging has classified multiple myeloma to have three stages: Serum Beta 2 microglobulin , serum albumin, serum creatinine, and platelet count along with the age of the patients are used as the powerful key factors for determining the survival rate of the patients with multiple myeloma. The concentration of serum beta 2 microglobulin in renal filtrate was found to influence the kidney function and also the best indicator of tumor burden in the patients with multiple myeloma. A multivariate analysis has found that serum beta 2 immunoglobulin factor concentrations was independent of serum creatinine and serum albumin concentration and remains as an independent prognostic factor. In stage I, the beta 2 immunoglobulin concentration is 3.5 mg/ L along with serum albumin concentration as 3.5 g / dL. At stage II, is the intermediate stage median survival of about 44 months and the last stage is stage III with median survival of only 29 months and the beta 2 immu noglobulin concentration being 5.5 mg/ L. (Yun et al., 2006). Multiple myeloma is a less frequent fatal cancer in both men and women. Multiple myeloma cases constitute about 0.8% of the cancer cases annually. The most important factors that cause multiple myeloma was found to be Tobacco chewing, Alcohol consumption, Diet, Obesity, different physical activities, some hormonal factors, Ionizing radiation.

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Religion - Essay Example Whereas the cycle of life in Buddhism is continuous, the cycle of life in Sikhism continues until one can attain a oneness with God; at which point being freed from the constraints of birth, life, and death. Conversely, Hinduism and Jainism also represent a very old and a relatively newer religion. Whereas many scholars argue that Hinduism may be the oldest extant religion on planet earth, Jainism only came into being around the year 600 BCE. Hinduism on the other hand can definitively be traced back as far as 1700 BCE. Hinduism retains no specific founder and instead rests its claim to truth based upon the universal acceptance that it seeks to inspire. Alternatively, Jainism seeks to integrate three main principles into the life of its adherents: non-violence, non possession, and non-absolutism. Both religions have an array of gods and seeking to understand their respective pantheon requires a great deal of

Engage in personal development in health Essay Example for Free

Engage in personal development in health Essay Outcome 1 1. Within my role as a support worker it is my duty to support an individual to complete everyday tasks. This can be activities such as food shopping, house chores, preparing food and drinks, making and attending appointments, attending college or day centre facilities, or participating in clubs for people with special needs. I have a responsibility to ensure the activity is achievable for the client and that I am providing the right support to achieve this. 2. As a support worker I have a duty to adhere to the codes of practice set out by my employers and also to ensure I adhere to the regulations set out by law. National Occupational Standards (NOS) ensure I give the appropriate support and care to an individual. Outcome 2 1. Reflective practice means thinking about and evaluating what I do and discussing any changes which could be made. Thinking about how I could have done something differently, what I did well and what I could have done better. It also means reflecting our own values, beliefs and experiences which shape our thoughts and ideas. By continuously evaluating my performance I am able to ensure I am providing the expected level of service set out within the companys guidelines. 3. Everyone has different values, beliefs and experiences. We are more likely to be friendly and welcoming to people that share the same values and beliefs as us and less friendly to those that do not. However within my role it is expected that I provide the same level of care to every individual. Identifying your own beliefs and values will enable you to be aware of your reactions to others and enable them not to impact on the way you work. This is an important part of personal and professional development. Outcome 3 1. Codes of practice are put in place to enable you to understand your role and your responsibilities. Care plans are in place for each individual and the support I am required to provide is person-centred. I have a duty to ensure I am aware of each individual’s needs and to highlight any area I believe needs refocusing. Training should be relevant to the needs of individuals and provided by the company to ensure I adhere to regulations set out by law and the policies and procedures in place adhere to the current NOS guidelines. Outcome 4 1. Planning and reviewing my development usually takes place during planned supervision with my manager and my yearly appraisal. However I can approach either of my team leaders if I believe I require further training that is relevant to my role, they will speak with management on my behalf. Outside sources of support such as care managers, learning disabilities team or CQC may also highlight areas they feel further training is required if it is relevant to an individual I am to provide support too. Outcome 5 1. Attending training courses has enabled me to provide a level of care that is specific to the needs of the individual I am providing support too. During team meetings we may discuss serivce users and their needs. If a colleague has found something that works for them they will highlight it and it may be something I can use when working with that individual.

Distortion in Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Essay -- Waiting for

Distortion in Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot Distortion presents exaggerated and absurd portraits of the human condition.   Distortion also equips an author with a plane of existence that provides an avenue for posing questions concerning the nature of thought, behavior, and existence.   Samuel Beckett distorts reality in his play Waiting For Godot; this literary effect enables him to question human life and a possible afterlife. Surfacely, the recurrent setting is absurd: Vladimir and Estragon remain in the same non-specified place and wait for Godot, who never shows, day after day.   They partake in this activity, this waiting, during both Act I and Act II, and we are led to infer that if Samuel Beckett had composed an Act III, Vladimir and Estragon would still be waiting on the country road beside the tree.   Of course, no humans would do such things.   The characters' actions in relation to setting are unreal-distorted, absurd.   However, it is through this distortion and only through this distortion that we can guess at the importance and the details of the evasive figure...

Alcohol Regarding Air Pilots

The dangers of drinking and driving are now well known, so that it may be considered self-evident that drinking and flying are also incompatible. However, aviation is very unforgiving of mistakes and the complexity of powered flight far exceeds that of road transport.Slight and subtle errors on the part of an intoxicated pilot are thus potentially far more serious than for the intoxicated driver, and can have devastating consequences. Because of this, and despite the relative rarity of aviation accidents, safeguards to prevent drinking and flying need to be much more stringent than those employed to prevent drinking and driving.Statement of the ProblemAlcohol use may lead to accidents in aviation. Air pilots are not well-informed about the metabolism of alcohol and the effects that are produced by the consumption of alcohol on the performance. If the blood alcohol concentration becomes zero, the performance of the air pilots still can be impaired due to alcohol.Hazard perception perf ormance has been identified as one source of individual differences in accidents. Thus, if alcohol adversely affects pilots’ hazard perception performance, then such an effect may underlie, at least in part, the increased accident risk associated with drink-flying.Research Question and Sub-QuestionsQ. 1. What are the alcohol related problems amongst air pilots?Q.2. what are the occupational and sub-cultural factors thought to encourage heavy drinking amongst air pilots?Q.3. Do cockpit environmental influences upon alcohol induce impairment of air pilots’ performance?Q. 4. What are the indirect indicators of alcohol consumption by air pilots?Q. 5. What is the relationship between blood alcohol concentration and impairment of performance?Significance of the StudyThis study involves primary and secondary research methods for the collection of data. This paper seeks to review the published literature on alcohol and aviation. The main issues to be addressed will concern ava ilable evidence regarding the level of alcohol consumption by pilots and the problems that ensue as a result of such consumption. Some reference will also be made to alcohol consumption by passengers, ground staff and others, and to problems with other psychoactive drugs of misuse.This study will examine alcohol's effects on hazard perception; that is, the process of identifying hazardous objects and events in the traffic system and quantifying their dangerous potential. This research will be conducted to study air pilots across the spectrum of drink-flying practices, from non-drink-pilots to individuals convicted of flying while impaired (FWI), and to examine the effects of a moderate dose of alcohol on their HPPs. the present study will compare the HPPs of four groups of air pilots: FWI offenders, impaired pilots, non impaired drink-pilots and non drink-pilots.Research DesignSecondary research method will be used for the collection of data for Q.1- Q. 7. The secondary sources will include scholarly journals, previously published academic material, articles, magazines etc. Primary research method will be used for the collection of data for Q. 8.MethodologySubjectsThey will be recruited with the aim of attaining an equal number of participants in four drink-flying groups: FWI offenders, impaired pilots, moderate drink-pilots and non drink-pilots. To achieve this aim, approximately 50 individuals will be identified as potential subjects.DesignA two-by-four, experimental condition by drink-flying category design will be used. Experimental condition (no alcohol and moderate alcohol (0.05% BAC)) will be a within-subjects factor and drink-flying category (FWI offenders, impaired pilots, moderate drink-pilots and non drink-pilots) will be a between-subjects factor.

Personal Account of a Woman in the American Revolution

I was a woman who had lived during the boisterous era of the American Revolution. It was a time when not only men were needed to gain the most coveted American independence from Britain.One might wonder how a woman with no weapons or battle skills could contribute in the realization of American independence. As a woman of the 18th century, I was an ordinary housewife tending to my husband who was continuously fighting in battle against the British. I was always following him just as any woman and wife did for their men in battle. My husband’s task was to load the cannon so the gunner could fire a shot towards the British army.One fateful day, I saw how my husband was killed by a gunshot which ultimately ended his life. I was there trying to mend his wounds despite the fact that he was already dead. While I was in the middle of finding a place where I could place my husband safely in the barracks, the gunner summoned me to load the cannons.Everything was happening so fast that I had no time to think about my dead husband’s body. All I wanted to do was to fight for what he died for. I hurried to the cannon as fast as I could and loaded the cannon. It was not an easy job to lift cannon balls, but the raging adrenalin in my system helped me throughout.The cannon loading went on for a week until they finally found a more capable man to replace me. Afterwards, I was given the task to tend to the American soldiers. I cooked for them, washed their clothes, attended to their medical needs, and cleaned their wounds. We were like nurses and housewives in one who provided all the basic needs that our soldiers called for.It might have seemed like a simple job to take care of these wounded men as they have fought and died for the country’s liberty. However, one thing is for certain. The Declaration of Independence would not have existed without the full support and love of women in the American Revolution.

tHOMAS edison a essays

tHOMAS edison a essays I read the book Young Thomas Edison , by Sterling North. The book tells about Edison's Young life and how he greatly succeeded through out the years. It tells about his greatest inventions and Edisons Historic sites and how her became the greatest inventor Thomas Alva Edison was born of February of 1847, in Milan Ohio. He was the seventh and last child of Nancy Edison and Samuel Edison. Thomas Alva Edison inherited much of his intelligence from Nancy Elliot Edison. Nancy Edison would read books to Thomas Edison about scientists. That's when Edison got interested in When Thomas Alva Edison was ten, he and his family moved to a small town in Purt, Hacon. There he had his own laboratory in the basement. At the age of eleven Edison and his friend would raise ten acces of vegetables. Then they would plant them and they would sell them around town. They wanted to earn money so they could give it to the family. They wanted to do this because they had financial problems. When Thomas Alva Edison was older he worked as a trainboy and would sell candies and newspapers. One day Thomas Edison's father realized that Edison was deaf from one ear. Thomas Edison became deaf from working on the locomotive. When Edison was working as a trainboy he got the idea of inventing a telegraph. When Edison was in his twenties he earned many patents by inventing the lightball, telegram, telegraph and many more inventions. Edison's second wife was Mrs. Mina Miller Edison. Edison had many chemical laboratories in his life. On 1931, Thomas Alva died when he collapsed. By this his inventions we have are street lights, I would really recommend this book to any one because Thomas Alva Edison is ...

WWII Death Marches From Concentration Camps

WWII Death Marches From Concentration Camps Late in the war, the tide had turned against the Germans. The Soviet Red Army was reclaiming territory as they pushed the Germans back. As the Red Army was heading for Poland, the Nazis needed to hide their crimes. Mass graves were dug up and the bodies burned. The camps were evacuated. Documents destroyed. The prisoners that were taken from the camps were sent on what became known as Death Marches (Todesmrsche). Some of these groups were marched hundreds of miles. The prisoners were given little to no food and little to no shelter. Any prisoner who lagged behind or who tried to escape was shot. Evacuation By July 1944, Soviet troops had reached the border of Poland. Although the Nazis had attempted to destroy evidence, in Majdanek (a concentration and extermination camp just outside of Lublin on the Polish border), the Soviet Army captured the camp nearly intact. Almost immediately, a Polish-Soviet Nazi Crimes Investigation Commission was established. The Red Army continued to move through Poland. The Nazis started to evacuate and destroy their concentration camps from east to west. The first major death march was the evacuation of approximately 3,600 prisoners from a camp on Gesia Street in Warsaw (a satellite of the Majdanek camp). These prisoners were forced to march over 80 miles in order to reach Kutno. About 2,600 survived to see Kutno. The prisoners that were still alive were packed onto trains, where several hundred more died. Out of the 3,600 original marchers, less than 2,000 reached Dachau 12 days later.1 On the Road When the prisoners were evacuated they werent told where they were going. Many wondered whether they going out to a field to be shot? Would it be better to try to escape now? How far would they be marching? The SS organized the prisoners into rows usually five across and into a large column. The guards were on the outside of the long column, with some in the lead, some on the sides, and a few in the rear. The column was forced to march - often at a run. For prisoners who were already starved, weak, and ill, the march was an incredible burden. An hour would go by. They kept on marching. Another hour would go by. The marching continued. As some prisoners could no longer march, they would fall behind. The SS guards in the rear of the column would shoot anyone who stopped to rest or collapsed. Elie Wiesel Recounts I was putting one foot in front of the other mechanically. I was dragging with me this skeletal body which weighed so much. If only I could have got rid of it! In spite of my efforts not to think about it, I could feel myself as two entities - my body and me. I hated it. (Elie Wiesel) The marches took prisoners on back roads and through towns. Isabella Leitner Remembers I have a curious, unreal feeling. One of almost being part of the grayish dusk of the town. But again, of course, you will not find a single German who lived in Prauschnitz who ever saw a single one of us. Still, we were there, hungry, in rags, our eyes screaming for food. And no one heard us. We ate the smell of smoked meats reaching our nostrils, blowing our way from the various shops. Please, our eyes screamed, give us the bone your dog has finished gnawing. Help us live. You wear coats and gloves just like human beings do. Arent you human beings? What is underneath your coats? (Isabella Leitner) Surviving the Holocaust Many of the evacuations occurred during the winter. From Auschwitz, 66,000 prisoners were evacuated on January 18, 1945. At the end of January 1945, 45,000 prisoners were evacuated from Stutthof and its satellite camps. In the cold and snow, these prisoners were forced to march. In some cases, the prisoners marched for a long duration and were then loaded onto trains or boats. Elie Wiesel, Holocaust Survivor We were given no food. We lived on snow; it took the place of bread. The days were like nights, and the nights left the dregs of their darkness in our souls. The train was traveling slowly, often stopping for several hours and then setting off again. It never ceased snowing. All through these days and nights we stayed crouching, one on top of the other, never speaking a word. We were no more than frozen bodies. Our eyes closed, we waited merely for the next stop, so that we could unload our dead. (Elie Wiesel)

Not for Profit and For Profit Companies Under the same Leadership (why Essay

Not for Profit and For Profit Companies Under the same Leadership (why it can happen) - Essay Example The authors’ results indicate that the risk propensity of entrepreneurs/not-for-profits companies are greater than that of managers. However, both are successful. Moreover, there are larger differences between entrepreneurs/not-for-profits companies whose primary goal is venture growth versus those whose focus is on producing family income. Results also underscore the importance of precise construct definitions and rigorous measurement. The research question of the journal was clearly defined. MacMillan, Siegal, and Narshimha (1994) examined the methods that venture capitalist use to assess the senior managers of new ventures prior to making an investment decision. The lack of theory and empirical research in this area has led scholars to call for studies which examine the process of management team assessment in venture capital due diligence, as cited by Siegel, Siegel and MacMillan, 1993. This research article assessed that more research is needed on this subject matter, how ever the research question of the journal article was clearly defined: there is a correlation between entrepreneurship behaviors and success. . ... The articles offer insight into the complex balancing act that thriving entrepreneurism must execute to generate support form distinct stakeholder markets. The value this research provides is insight on thriving entrepreneurs/not-for-profits companies and financial success. The correlation between successful entrepreneurs/not-for- profits companies depicts the behavior pattern of the individuals’ capacity to build relationships with private investors, foundations, venture capitalist or Angels instead of with the stakeholder’s monies. In turn, the literature suggests that a thriving entrepreneur’s financial success is in how they treat the people who fund their cause. This reflects a dominant logic of causation; taking a particular effect as giving and focusing on selection between means to cause this effect (Sarasvathy, 2001). The network theory, which is a social network approach, views organizations in society as a system of objects joined by a variety of relat ions. The goal of this empirical research analysis is to show that the behavior trait of being a builder of relationships is the cause of a thriving entrepreneur’s financial success. This example is seen through the transition towards defining strategy as a perspective rather than a position, meaning that strategy is seen in wide terms, as the â€Å"theory of the business† (Drucker, 1994). However, the element of entrepreneurial leadership is not clearly present in the empirical evidence. Entrepreneurial leadership is defined by Coven and Slevin (1991) as consisting of the following: the nourishment of an entrepreneurial capability, protection of innovations that threaten

Talking Styles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Talking Styles - Assignment Example A conversation between two people and the choice of words they use determines what their relationships look like. People who are strangers may not have the same conversation compared to those who are dating. People who are dating have a rather close relationship and this is replicated in their conversation. In this regard, language style matching captures the responses from the two people and gives a verdict based on the respective conversations (Adler, 2014). Â  Language style matching is an essential tool that only relies on the very conversation. It does not depend on other external entities to have a conclusion. The matching style tool is, therefore, accurate to the point where it is used to analyze the conversations between two people. In essence, the verdict given by the matching tool is very much dependent only on the conversation. While the nature of the conversation is the critical aspect of it, one cannot independently verify the thoughts and meaning behind every conversation. However, to the extent where the language matching style determines the accuracy of two individuals in a conversation, the results are very accurate (McCarthy, 2012). Â  Language style matching to some extent is accurate in determining the quality of interpersonal relationships. However, it cannot be very accurate in predicting the quality of the conversation. Interpersonal relationships depend on a lot of elements in determining the value of the relationship between two people. While it is true that the language style matching style is very effective in determining the meaning behind every conversation, being used to determine the accuracy in an interpersonal relationship cannot be guaranteed. A conversation between two people may have a lot of meaning and importance. Some people could be very sincere in their conversation while others may not be as sincere (Adler, 2014). Â  

A Subsidiary of an MNC in Saudi Arabia Research Paper

A Subsidiary of an MNC in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example Best Company, Inc, 2011). All these factors are set to affect political and financial stability of Saudi Arabia. The paper will look into the political and financial risks that will affect a subsidiary of an MNC coming to do business in Saudi Arabia for the first time. Political Risk The political risk in Saudi Arabia is moderate. Saudi Arabia is among the six countries that frame the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The objectives of GCC are formulation of consistent regulatory environment, cooperation of the private sector, and the establishment of a common currency. The regional political unrest, mainly in Bahrain, is a major concern for Saudi Arabia. There are expectations that King Abdullah will go on with his reform agendas in the next few years (A.M. Best Company, Inc, 2011). There are pressures mounting on the ruling House of Saud and several factors are set to compromise the political stability of the Kingdom. The first factor is the long-term implications of the population e xplosion in the Kingdom in the past 25 years. Population explosion linked with rapid urbanization, insufficient education system, persistent and increase in the numbers, and the lack of employment opportunities is straining the Saudi Arabia social fabric. The extensive unemployment among the young males is because of the education system that has failed to equip them with the necessary skills required to match the â€Å"Saudi Arabia’s requirements for a modern economic, commercial and industrial workplace† (Corbett, 2006). The labor market of Saudi Arabia is unable to sustain the huge number of new entrants together with the increasing number of educated women looking for employment. The state education system has failed to generate productive members in the society and thus, it has underpinned the employment problem. Primary and secondary education is based on the religious curriculum and this education material has been under criticism because it has encouraged stude nts to be prejudiced towards the other religions apart from Islam. The resultant effect has been that some Saudi Arabians have become vulnerable to radicalization and terrorist recruitment. Political instability fears are due to the succession issues and, perhaps, they may be a western obsession that is frequently accompanied by the failure to acknowledge how senior princes of the Kingdom have achieved collaboration in the past years. The succession debate has put a lot of pressure on the political stability of the nation. The debate is focusing on the time the leadership will go to the next generation. Despite the present pressures, Saudi Arabia is proving its resilience and it has started adapting to the challenges. As the reforms gather speed, the projections for long-term stability are improving. Short-term measures include effective measures to contain terrorism threat. In the meantime, the royal family â€Å"will continue to work towards addressing the underlying causes of in stability, attempting to reinvigorate confidence in its leadership among the Saudi Arabian public† (Corbett, 2006). Financial Risk The financial system risk in Saudi Arabia is low. Saudi Arabia business environment is average and the reliability and availability of corporate financial data or information varies widely. The collection of debt sometimes proves to be difficult because of the poor administration framework. The

Strategic human resource development

Strategic human resource development INTRODUCTION This essay will talk about the existence of strategic human resource development from just merely human resource development. Then, it will be proceed with both role of strategic human resource development and management, and, determine whether strategic human resource development have its own space or not. After that, this paper will essay on the impact of economic and social globalisation on strategic human resource development and followed by conclusion. THE EXISTANCE OF STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT Organisational Development (OD) practice creates Human Resource Development which led to individual and organisational learning. According to Hellriegel, Jackson and Slocum (2005), &lsqou;Organisation Development is a planned, long-range, behavioural science strategy for understanding, changing, and developing an organisations workforce in order to improve its effectiveness&rsqou;. McLagan (1989 cited in Wilson, 2005, p.10) described ‘HRD as the integrated use of individual training and development, organization development, and career development to improve individual, group and organizational effectiveness’. Pace, Smith and Mills (1991) state that ‘the goal of HRD is to achieve the highest quality of work life for the employee and to produce the highest quality of products and services possible in the environment and context of the organization in which development is occurring’. Nowadays, strategy is important in integrating the nature of HRD into the organisation. Therefore, Human Resource Development is implemented strategically. Hence, Strategic Human Resource Development (SHRD) can be defined as, strategising the integration of HRD with formulation and implementation with a long-term view of Human Resource policy. In other words, SHRD is how HRD is applied and aligned to achieve the organisational goals and objectives strategically. It can be done by horizontal integration among Human Resource functions and vertical integration with corporate strategy to achieve Strategic Human Resource as core competitive advantage. Therefore by the movement from being simply HRD towards SHRD shows that, there might be some changes going on within the environment that need the human resources to be develop. Beer and Spector (1989; in Garavan et al., 1995 cited in Wilson, 2005, p.10) maintain that ‘Strategic HRD can be viewed as a proactive, system-wide intervention, with it linked to strategic planning and cultural changeHRD can only be strategic if it is incorporated into the overall corporate business strategy’. THE ROLES OF STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) can be defined as relating the strategic goals and objectives of the organization with its human resources, so as to improve business performance and developing organizational culture which encourage innovation and flexibility to gain competitive advantage. SHRM will involve the HR functions through HR activities such as recruiting, selecting, training and rewarding personnel. De Cieri, et al. (2008) states that ‘SHRM can be thought as the pattern of planned human resource deployments and activities intended to enable an organisation to achieve its goals’. In the strategy implementation of HR practices in SHRM, one of the components is selection, training and development of people where this can be achieved by employee learning and development. This is where SHRD plays its part to implement new approach of training and development strategically and be flexible as well as to develop Individuals to possess certain skills to perform certain tasks in order to accomplish the companys goals. Hence, those individuals may be motivated through training to perform their skills effectively to increase the quality and productivity. Another role of SHRM is transferring the responsibility of managing human resource to a lower level because of the dynamic change happening nowadays instead of centralising decision making. Thus, the lower levels also have their say in determining, implementing and setting strategy which is the component of SHRD roles. During the implementation of strategic planning and systematic, strategy to reach company goals is carried out. Rather than being a functional specialist, SHRM and SHRD should be activities of management that aligned with business strategies of organisations. To support this, Boxall (1991) said: ‘Human resource development cannot be conceptualise as a stand alone corporate issue, strategically it must flow from and be dependent upon the organisations structure- it is therefore seen as strategic by virtue of its alignment with business strategy, organisational structure, and internal consistency’. According to Johnson and Scholes (2002 cited in Wilson, 2005, p.87) there are ‘three main elements to strategic management: strategic analysis, strategic choice and strategy implementation, which are not linear events but interlinked in terms of a role for HRD and HRM’. Here, it shows that, SHRD lies within the context of SHRM. IMPACT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ON SHRD Globalisation is about movement and change. ‘Globalisation can be defined as the ongoing economic, technological, social, and political integration of the world that began after the Second World War’ (http://www.usa.edu.pk/Web/Publications/PDF/globalization%20n%20role%20of%20HRM.pdf?m=8). As a result of globalisation, there is a wide customer-based and competitors all over the world. Organisations in high-wage countries will find it difficult to maintain low labour costs. Therefore, they may create business strategies that stress innovation and require employees with high levels of skills and knowledge. The following example will support the argument. Jackson, Schuler and Werner (2009, p.39) noted that ‘Malden Mills, the textile company that makes Polartec, is also counting on its knowledge resources. Located in Massachusetts, its factory employees cant compete with the low-cost labor in other countries. Instead, it needs to leverage research capabilities to develop new products and production methods. As these and other factories evolve, low-skilled jobs will be replaced by jobs requiring much higher skills. Employers and employees alike will be required to adapt accordingly’. For that reason, economic globalisation may amend the way a company manage their human resources. One way is to train their staff for present requirements and develop them for future requirements. Individual talents are being developed through strategic training programs to achieve that particular level of skills and knowledge to gain competitive advantage. And also, in order to achieve competitive advantage, top levels need to acquire, develop and retain appropriate expertise to connect the learning process directly to the strategic direction of the organization. One of the key challenges from globalisation is competitiveness. So, organisation should consider the competitive challenge, such as, how to keep competitors weaker, how many and what people to employ, how to lower production costs and many more. Due to the pressure of fast changes in the labour market and since globalisation may create and destruct jobs it may contribute instability in social relationships. The sense of security to maintain the job is through social protection as well as higher quality of work. In order to achieve higher quality of work that aligns with its strategic goals and competing with the growing pools of skilled workers in emerging market countries, individuals need to improve their performance through learning, training and development, and also adapt to the change of the environment. Adapting towards changes will have social impacts that need to be managed by HRD. Taking as an example, ‘As the European Policy Committee (EPC) notes in a recent report (EPC, 2005), it is imperative that Europes economies are able to move labour and capital swiftly and with ease ‘to take advantage of new opportunities and potential income gains, and minimise adjustment costs’. Particular concerns are to avoid concentrations of displaced workers’ (http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/spsi/docs/social_situation/simglobe_fin_rep.pdf).

Robert Frosts Poem Fire and Ice Essay -- Robert Frost Fire Ice Poet P

Robert Frost's Poem "Fire and Ice" If you had a choice on how the world would end, what would you choose? Would your choice to be go painfully but fast? Perhaps you would rather it be so slow and painless you do not even realize it is happening? That's what I believe Robert Frost's poem Fire and Ice is meant to express. Although the poem is short, it holds a very interesting question to think about. The question is which way would you rather the world come to an end. There are two choices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first two lines in Fire and Ice express the choices, "Some say the world will end in fire, / Some say in ice.'; I feel that he uses the term fire not to hold the direct meaning of a burning flame, but to represent the punishment something can inflict upon an object. It presents the image of the intense pain in which a burn can inflict, along with the extraordinary speed in which it happens. Fire causes a tremendous amount of destruction to virtually anything within seconds. It could also represent just a violent ending. Either way, it would be nice to have things over with fast, but the intense pain might not make it worth it. For the world to end in ice, seems to present the image of a slower, numbing effect. I feel he uses ice to represent a slow, almost unnoticeable change that eventually causes the destruction of mankind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fire, instantaneous combustion of an object. Frost uses fire to represent an ending with incredible speed and unimaginable pain. The quote, ...

Quality Education in the Philippines

We know that Philippines country is rich in agriculture and economics. But don't you know that Philippines are one of the top that is great in terms of education. And I can prove that in simply observing the status of my country and surveys in the rank of schools. Literacy rate in the Philippines has improved a lot over the last few years- from 72 percent in 1960 to 94 percent in 1990. This is attributed to the increase in both the number of schools built and the level of enrollment in these schools. The number of schools grew rapidly in all three levels – elementary, secondary, and tertiary. From the mid-1960s up to the early 1990, there was an increase of 58 percent in the elementary schools and 362 percent in the tertiary schools. For the same period, enrollment in all three levels also rose by 120 percent. More than 90 percent of the elementary schools and 60 percent of the secondary schools are publicly owned. However, only 28 percent of the tertiary schools are publicly owned. A big percentage of tertiary-level students enroll in and finish commerce and business management courses. Table 1 shows the distribution of courses taken, based on School Year 1990-1991. Note that the difference between the number of enrollees in the commerce and business courses and in the engineering and technology courses may be small – 29. 2 percent for commerce and business and 20. 3 percent for engineering and technology. However, the gap widens in terms of the number of graduates for the said courses. Aside from the numbers presented above, which are impressive, there is also a need to look closely and resolve the following important issues: 1) quality of education 2) affordability of education 3) government budget for education; and 4) education mismatch. In Quality There was a decline in the quality of the Philippine education, especially at the elementary and secondary levels. For example, the results of standard tests conducted among elementary and high school students, as well as in the National College of Entrance Examination for college students, were way below the target mean score. In Affordability – There is also a big disparity in educational achievements across social groups. For example, the socioeconomically disadvantaged students have higher dropout rates, especially in the elementary level. And most of the freshmen students at the tertiary level come from relatively well-off families. In Budget – The Philippine Constitution has mandated the government to allocate the highest proportion of its budget to education. However, the Philippines still has one of the lowest budget allocations to education among the ASEAN countries. In Mismatch – There is a large proportion of â€Å"mismatch† between training and actual jobs. This is the major problem at the tertiary level and it is also the cause of the existence of a large group of educated unemployed or underemployed. Improved quality of education in the Philippine schools The Philippine education system is plagued with problems from the basic level until the tertiary level, and although previous and present administrations took steps to reform the system, these reforms failed to improve the country’s education system. According to the latest â€Å"Economic Policy Monitor†, released in April 2012 of government think tank Philippine Institute for Development Studies, despite the reforms pursued by the Aquino administration to address these failures, even more reforms are needed to improve the quality of education in the Philippines. The same study found that even the reforms initiated by the government may even bring more problems to the education system. Foremost among the problems in the early childhood education is the inequality to access to kindergarten education. THE INTENSE ECONOMIC CRISIS that the Philippines are currently undergoing has certainly buried the sanguine and unreasonable hopes that the government had projected for the near future. The triumphalism of Philippines 2000 has been shaken to the core and reduced to a laughable joke for the history books. This crisis only confirms that the Philippines have yet to liberate itself from the age-old problems, which have plagued it in the economic and political spheres. The much-trumpeted new epoch of free competition and borderless economies has not resulted in any real development but only in a more intense form of economic domination and exploitation of the poorer countries by the advanced capitalist countries. The seemingly neutral facade of Globalization has turned out to be more of the same old Imperialism that just cannot be wished away. Nevertheless, it would be too much of a simplification to arrive at the conclusion that the present global order has not resulted in any significant changes. It would certainly be correct to ay that for the educational system, as in Philippine society as a whole, that â€Å"nothing of the essence has changed. † However, even if it is true that the essential traits and defining characteristics of Philippine education has remained the same all throughout this so-called period of â€Å"Globalization,† it is also equally unavoidably true that certain changes have occurred and are still occurring that may not have actually touched the â€Å"essence† of things as they are but still have important implications for the understanding of the current situation and the various effective political responses that can lead to genuine social transformation. One of the main tasks is to attempt to identify what these â€Å"changes† are without losing sight of the â€Å"meaning† of these phenomena in relation to an essentially unchanged exploitative global economic and political system which must be identified as â€Å"imperialism. † The changes in question can be identified by analyzing the so-called â€Å"three major areas of concern† in education which have been underlined in the Medium Term Education Development Plan (MTEDP). These are: â€Å"(1) increasing access to and improving of the quality of basic education; (2) liberalizing the regulation of private schools, and; (3) rationalizing the programs of State Universities and Colleges (SUCs). † The question of â€Å"increasing access to† and â€Å"improving the quality of† education have been constant themes since even before the intricate and obfuscators jargon of â€Å"globalization† entered the scene. It cannot even be asserted that these ideas have changed in the sense that they previously had an altruistic meaning which has currently been lost in this period of technocratic appeals to â€Å"efficiency† rather than â€Å"morality. Reyes, John Christian A. BSIT-109I Improved quality of education in the Philippines schools This is the first major issue that the Philippine government should resolve but somehow it is recently improving. The quality of Philippine education has declined few years ago due to poor results from standard entrance tests conducted among elementary and secondary students, as well as the tertiary levels. The results were way below the target mean score. High dropout ates, high number of repeaters, low passing grades, lack of particular language skills, failure to adequately respond and address the needs of people with special needs, overcrowded classrooms, and poor teacher performances, have greatly affected the quality of education in the Philippines. Philippine education is strongly viewed as a pillar of national development and a primary avenue for social and economic mobility. It has undergone several stages of development from the pre-spanish time to the present. It is handled by three government organizations, namely, the Department of Education, Culture, and Sports. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the TESDA. The DECS govern both public and private education in all levels, with its mission â€Å"to provide quality basic education that is equitably accessible to all by the foundation for lifelong learning and service for the common good. † The government was mandated by the Philippine Constitution to allocate the highest proportion of its budget to education. However, among the ASEAN countries, the Philippines still has one of the lowest budget allocations to education. This is due to some mainstream political issues and humungous problems that the government is facing specially corruption. There are some measures that the Philippine government has looked into for the reformation of quality education. Technology use is starting to gain momentum in the overall education of this country. This helped improve the quality of education in the Philippines and to be globally competitive in this millennium. Improving the Quality of Education in our Country The Philippines has the highest number of college graduates among developing Asian countries, but that isn’t a substitute for quality. The role of education in economic development is widely acknowledged: education increases the innovative capacity of an economy and facilitates the diffusion, adoption, and adaptation of new ideas. More specifically, education increases the amount of human capital available, thereby increasing productivity and ultimately output. Education is especially important in a rapidly evolving economic environment where a rapid rate of job destruction and creation might otherwise lead to a gap between the skills demanded in the labor market and the skills of job-seekers. So how can regional cooperation improve the quality and availability of education? The role of regional cooperation in a particular country and what means of cooperation are viable will largely depend on that country’s position on the development ladder and the status of its education sector. The role of regional cooperation in a particular country and what means of cooperation are viable will largely depend on that country’s position on the development ladder and the status of its education sector. Since 1975 both GDP and education levels in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam have been catching up. Over the same period GDP growth and improvements to education levels have been losing momentum in developed countries including the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. The Philippines exhibits a curious pattern in this respect, because even as the level of education attainment plateaued, its GDP has been falling behind. This is an apparent contradiction. Given the well-established beneficial effects of education on GDP and on GDP growth rates, the Philippines should have witnessed an era of high growth since 1975, when it had the highest rate of completion of tertiary education among developing Asian countries – higher than Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, or Singapore. This suggests that the problem in the Philippines has been the quality of education, rather than its availability or accessibility. Regional cooperation in education is often identified with trade in education services. In the Asia Pacific, this most commonly takes the form of direct exchanges of people, whether they be students from less-developed countries going to study in more-developed ones, or, as in the case of Singapore and Malaysia, academics from more-developed countries encouraged to relocate to universities in less-developed countries by partnerships between the two institutions. Trade in education services also takes place through transnational education, for example when foreign institutions are encouraged to establish campuses in developing countries. Yet these forms of cooperation are not the most appropriate for the Philippines – for instance because poor local infrastructure makes it difficult to attract foreign institutions and academics. And, moreover, the principal effect of these forms of education cooperation is to make education more available, when the problem in the Philippines is the quality of education – not its availability. Regulatory reform is needed to ensure that the quality of education received at home is high enough to give domestic Filipino students access to education and work abroad. This reform process must start by establishing a credible accreditation system, because under the current system of voluntary self-regulation, less than 20 percent of higher education institutions in the Philippines are accredited. Forms of international cooperation other than through trade in education services would allow the Philippines to improve the quality of domestic education by following the example set by Malaysia, which has linked its own accreditation system to international ones. Malaysia has also been active in promoting the development of a regional quality assurance framework, the ASEAN Quality Assurance Network (AQAN). The AQAN was organized in 2008 in order to promote collaboration among quality assurance agencies in individual ASEAN countries. Though the Philippines has not yet fully acceded to the AQAN, negotiations are underway to formalize an agreement to adopt common standards in the education sector. The Philippines can also pursue bilateral mutual recognition agreements. Such agreements should include quality assurance on the part of both countries. In this way, even if the standards are not at the same level as in higher-income countries, there will be pressure on some of the higher education institutions in the Philippines to improve their programs and facilities in order to gain accreditation. Such agreements, whether bilateral or as part of the AQAN, might make it easier for Filipino policy makers to argue for domestic reform on the basis that it is necessary to meet international agreements. With a higher-quality higher education system, the Philippines would then be better placed to reap the well-documented economic benefits of an educated population.

Irish People and Father Flynn

In order to answer the broad question, the term ‘possibility’ will be analysed in the context of the characters of the texts and in the ‘possibility’ for their personal growth and opportunity for change, be it spiritual, physical or emotional. The essay will focus thematically on four chosen texts: James Joyce’s The Sisters and Langston Hughes’ poems I, too, New Yorkers and Harlem. Firstly this essay will analyse how the city of Dublin represented in The Sisters is shown, through Joyce’s literary devices, to both offer and restrict possibility for each of its central characters.Key themes identified will then be used as a basis for further analysis of how these themes are more widely represented within the selected New York poems to either confirm or refute Lehan’s statement that ‘The city both offers and restricts possibility’. Textual analysis of The Sisters reveals numerous literary devices that explicate the theme of the repression of possibility by the city of its people.Throughout, Joyce uses symbolism, metaphors, and ellipsis to emphasise his themes whilst allowing the reader to infer its meanings without the need to describe them explicitly. The italicised words ’paralysis’, ‘gnomon’ and ‘simony’ (page 1) is one such technique and immediately underscores the physical, spiritual and religious restrictions found within the story that Dubliners symbolises as a ‘paralysis’ (p1) of the city and its people.The story’s young, intelligent, and sensitive (unnamed) protagonist comes to experience first-hand the reality of paralysis and death: he achieves his desire to ‘look upon’ (p1) both the physical paralysis and death of Father Flynn, with whom he was ‘great friends’ (p2) and the more subtle psychological ‘paralysis’ of those around him – his Aunt, Uncle Jack, Eliza and Nanny Flynn and Mr Cotter. The story shows that the Dublin adults are mentally immobilised – metaphorically paralysed, by their conformity to the conventions of their city lives, for them, the beliefs of the Irish church is a given.Eliza, Cotter and the church men consider Flynn and not the church to be the cause of his predicament ‘the duties of the priesthood was too much for him’ (p9). They appear unable to acknowledge the truth of a priest ‘nearly smothered’ (p4) by his understanding of the demands of his – and their- church. The perceptive boy, finds the adults surrounding him ‘tiresome’ (p1) and notices how Nannie Flynn’s skirt was hooked ‘clumsily’ (p6).His judgemental and sometimes precocious style seems at times somewhat harsh ‘the old woman’s mutterings distracted me’ (p6) and his character seemingly reflects the ‘scrupulous’ nature of Father Flynn. The friendship between this fatherless boy and the priest also offered important possibilities for growth to our protagonist, he was taught ‘a great deal’ (p2) such as ‘how to pronounce Latin properly’, told stories ‘about Napoleon Bonaparte’ and was questioned until he ‘could make no answer’ (p6).This education, when contrasted to the ‘principle’ of education described by his Uncle as a ‘cold bath’ (p2), is something that, without Father Flynn, the boy might not have had access to. The question of whether, in the ‘sensation of freedom’ from (p4)Flynn’s death, the boy takes up this possibility for change or succumbs to the paralysis caused by the restrictions of the city is one which Joyce leaves unanswered. In the case of Father Flynn the city of Dublin both offered and restricted possibility.From a lower class upbringing in ‘Irishtown’ (p9) Flynn was able to travel to, and be educated in, ‘the Irish col lege in Rome’ (p5). Yet once he returned to the city and took up his post, he became the ‘disappointed’ (p9), Father Flynn who was paralysed by his ‘too scrupulous’ (p9) nature. Perhaps this is a reference to the potentially paralysing psychological disorder ‘scrupulosity’ which would explain his ‘nervous’ (p10) disposition and his failed attempts to perform his office – represented by the symbolic chalice that ‘contained nothing’ (p9) and the ‘idle chalice’ (p10) he ‘loosely retained’ (p6) in death.The story’s namesakes, the Flynn sisters, were perhaps the most restricted by their Dublin lives. Flynn’s economically and socially impoverished siblings lived with him in the ‘unassuming shop, registered under the vague name of Drapery’ (p3) have been forced to receive the debilitating legacy of a ‘truculent’ (p6) defector whose fortunes once t ook him to college in Rome. Their lack of education becomes apparent through Eliza’s malapropisms ‘freeman’s General’(p8) and ‘rheumatic wheels’ (p9) and the fact they remain unmarried is made clear through the address of ‘Miss Flynn’ (p8).The sacrifices the sisters made for their brother’s career within the Irish church, is clearly represented by the symbolic communion of sherry and cream crackers when they receive the boy and his Aunt into the death-room, all highlight the sacrifices they have made. Joyce does not veil his opinion that the Catholic Church is responsible for a large portion of Dubliner’s paralysis of will and also hints at another malefactor: England. The death notice on the door of the shop on ‘Great Britain Street’ (p3) states that the priest died on 1st July 1895.This date coincides with the Battle of the Boyne (1690) in which Catholic supporters of James II were defeated by William III in a defeat that ‘brought death to the Irish hopes for national and religious freedom. ’(Walzl, 1965, p45) . The date is also that of the Feast of the Most Precious Blood which is symbolic of Father Flynn, his strokes, the broken chalice and the communion served in the death-room. This analysis has demonstrated a number of themes in The Sisters that restrict (paralyse) the possibility of its characters growth, and fewer that display the offering.The paralysis of its character’s resolution for change, caused by the restrictions of the city, is a theme that is also echoed throughout the rest of Dubliners. Joyce presents the city as an ever present â€Å"channel of poverty and inaction† (p. 35) which often leads to a life of â€Å"commonplace sacrifices closing in final craziness† (p. 33). Trapped by poverty and political and religious repression, Joyce's citizens cannot summon  the hope or energy that Gallaher  from ‘A Little Cloudâ€⠄¢ did, to â€Å"revolt against the dull inelegance† of the city (p. 68). However, Joyce's portrait of Dublin is not entirely bleak.Joyce could simply have condemned Dublin, as  Gallaher  does, or followed the example of Duffy, who, in A Painful Case, seeks refuge in brittle, lonely seclusion. But Joyce chose the more challenging course of confronting and accepting the loss of the ‘dear’ in ‘dear, dirty Dublin. ’ (p70) The city’s ability to supress its citizens hope of, or will to change, is something that it is clear, the paralysed characters of The Sisters had experienced, and it is this theme that this essay will now explore further, in an attempt to draw conclusions as to the validity of Lehan’s statement.The chosen Langston Hughes’ poems I, too, Harlem and New Yorkers display continuity of the theme of ‘paralysis’ through the restriction of a city on its citizens although in differing ways and to differing e xtents. Langston Hughes’ poem, I, too, is a poem whose main character is in complete contrast to the those of Joyce. Hughes positions the readers to feel the emotions of guilt and sympathy by applying his personal narration and allows the readers to recognise the inequality of the ‘darker brother’ who is sent ‘to eat in the kitchen /when company comes’ (lines 3-4).The isolation of the ‘darker brother’, his presence an embarrassment to the people around him, serves to anger and motivate his determination for change that is so differing to that of Joyce’s Dublin characters. When he ironically states, ‘But I laugh,/And eat well,/ And grow strong’ (5-7) the speaker is making clear his determination to utilise even the worst situation as an opportunity for growth. Hughes’ use of humour and irony demonstrates this positivity and certainty of change for the future which is in complete contrast to that of Joyce’ s characters.The physical symmetry of the anthem-like poem centres around the line ‘tomorrow’ (8) and seems to gain momentum and passion, as he defiantly promises white America that he will not be spoken for ‘Tomorrow, /I’ll be at the table/ when company comes. / nobody’ll dare say to me,/ eat in the kitchen [†¦] they’ll see how beautiful I am’ (8-16). Hughes positions the reader to feel both sympathy and admiration in the statement, ‘and be ashamed’ (17).The word ‘beautiful’ seemingly symbolises both the speaker’s skin colour and his cultural heritage, his pride demonstrating that he does not want to change himself so the city will accept him, but for the ‘white’ city to awake from its own paralysis and to actively accept change by valuing their separate and distinctive black culture, establishing that he, acting as a representative for the rest of his culture, is as part of the city a s â€Å"I [he] too am [is] America† (18).The theme of ‘paralysis’ is also present in Hughes’ poem Harlem albeit in different way to that of I, too. The speaker’s tone of disdain towards the city is instantly clear through the powerful imagery of it being situated on ‘the edge of hell’ (line 1). This is then compounded by the frequent punctuation and repetition of ‘old’ (3-5), successfully portraying the tedium and hopelessness that it is clear the speaker feels about the situation.The narrative uses the term ‘we’ suggesting that, like I, too, that the speaker is not just speaking as himself but acting as a ‘voice’ for a wider, black culture. When he speaks of the price increase of sugar, bread and the ‘new tax on cigarettes’ (11) he suggests political repression, when he speaks of the job they ‘never could get/and can’t have now/Because we’re coloured’ (13-15 ) he displays his embitterment towards the city and its reluctance to change. The feeling of hopelessness is carried through to the end of the poem, ‘We remember. a sombre statement echoing the ‘remembering of old lies’ (5) from the beginning and accurately portraying the sense of time passed over which they have been ‘patient’ (5) despite what ‘they told us before’ (5). The sense of hopelessness present within the speaker, and by association the African-American culture, is one that Hughes is suggesting has been gradually attained through their sacrifices for, and repression by, the city in which they live, much like that of Joyce’s Dublin upon his characters.The third poem which this essay will use to explore the validity of Lehan’s statement is that of New Yorkers. The first stanza opens introducing the male character as that of a native New Yorker ‘I was born here’ (line 1), the internal rhyme of ‘that ’s no lie, he said/right here beneath God’s sky’ (2-3) draws attention to the apparent need to reassure the female character that he was telling the truth, the implication being that they had been subject to previous dishonesty.If, like in Hughes’ other two poems we assume that each ‘voice’ represents the voice of their particular cultures we can infer a deeper meaning to the previous statement: that the female voice who ‘wasn’t born here’ (4) represents the new immigrants, the statement therefore seemingly echoing the ‘old lies’ seen in Hughes’ Harlem that promised of better possibilities. ‘where I come from/folks work hard/all their lives/ until they die/ and never own no parts/of earth nor sky’(6-11) Hughes draws attention to her belief of the better possibilities that the city would offer and the fact that they were misguided, by his use f her believing she could own a piece of ‘s ky’ (11). The repetition of the word also serves to demonstrate the similarities between the ‘sky’ of the place from which the immigrant originates and that of the city’s despite her initial beliefs that the city would offer more ‘Now what’ve I got? ’ (13). The following declaration of love ‘You! ’ (14) acts to convey that an unexpected possibility for emotional growth has been offered. However the hint of irony in the final line ‘The same old spark! perhaps implies that she has closed her mind to her original dreams of expanding possibilities, for what might be a temporary ‘flame’. In conclusion, Hughes’ poems, like The Sisters, all indicate the offering of, and restrictions on, the possibilities within a city and therefore confirm Lehan’s statement. Both authors, upon first glance, seemingly highlight more restrictions than opportunities. It is important to remember however, that as each c ity changes, so do the opportunities and restrictions offered, and at the time of writing, both cities were in a period of dramatic change, to which there is always resistance.At the conclusion of The Sisters we are left wondering how much of a character's plight is due to the city’s restrictions Joyce so specifically illuminates, and how much is due to human qualities that transcend environment. Perhaps the lesson in both Joyce’s and Hughes’ work, is that a city is made up of individual characters, and as long as its individuals remain backward-facing, without hope and closed to change, they will be paralysed from seeing the possibilities that the city has to offer them.Word Count 2186 Bibliography †¢ A230 Assignment Guide,( 2010) TMA 04, Open University press †¢ Bremen, B (1984) â€Å"He Was Too Scrupulous Always†: A Re-Examination of Joyce's â€Å"The Sisters† James Joyce Quarterly  , Vol. 22, No. 1 pp. 55-66 †¢ Haslam, S & Asbe e, S (2012) The Twentieth Century, Twentieth-Century Cities, Open University Press †¢ Haslam, S & Asbee, S (2012) The Twentieth Century, ‘Readings for part 1’, Open University Press James Joyce (2000 [1914]) Dubliners (with an introduction and notes by Terence Brown), Penguin Modern Classics, London, Penguin. †¢ Walzl, F (1965) The life chronology of the Dubliners , James Joyce Quarterley Websites: †¢ A230-11J, Study Guide: Week 26: Extra Resources, Milton Keynes, The Open University, http://learn. open. ac. uk/file. php/7066/ebook_a230_book3_pt1_chpt4_langston-hughes-poetry_l3. pdf (accessed 21st March 2012) †¢ http://us. penguingroup. com/static/rguides/us/dubliners. html